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-- PHP Version: 8.2.12

SET SQL_MODE = "NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO";
START TRANSACTION;
SET time_zone = "+00:00";


/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8mb4 */;

--
-- Database: `yujbjplf_learn`
--

DELIMITER $$
--
-- Procedures
--
CREATE PROCEDURE `capture_student_exam_submission` (IN `p_exam_id` INT, IN `p_student_id` INT, IN `p_attempt_id` INT)  DETERMINISTIC READS SQL DATA BEGIN
        DECLARE v_question_id INT;
        DECLARE v_answer_text LONGTEXT;
        DECLARE v_is_correct BOOLEAN;
        DECLARE v_score DECIMAL(10,2);
        DECLARE v_status VARCHAR(50);
        DECLARE v_question_type VARCHAR(50);
        DECLARE v_points DECIMAL(10, 2);
        DECLARE v_inserted_count INT DEFAULT 0;
        DECLARE done BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE;

        DECLARE exam_questions_cursor CURSOR FOR
            SELECT eq.question_id, q.question_type, COALESCE(eq.points, 0)
            FROM exam_questions eq
            JOIN questions q ON eq.question_id = q.id
            WHERE eq.exam_id = p_exam_id
            ORDER BY eq.sort_order, eq.question_id;

        DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND SET done = TRUE;

        START TRANSACTION;

        OPEN exam_questions_cursor;

        question_loop: LOOP
            FETCH exam_questions_cursor INTO v_question_id, v_question_type, v_points;
            IF done THEN LEAVE question_loop; END IF;

            -- Get answer from student_answers
            SELECT
                COALESCE(sa.answer_content, ''),
                COALESCE(sa.is_correct, NULL),
                COALESCE(sa.score, 0)
            INTO v_answer_text, v_is_correct, v_score
            FROM student_answers sa
            WHERE sa.exam_id = p_exam_id
              AND sa.student_id = p_student_id
              AND sa.attempt_id = p_attempt_id
              AND sa.question_id = v_question_id
            LIMIT 1;

            -- Determine status based on question type
            IF v_question_type IN ('essay', 'short_answer', 'code') THEN
                SET v_status = 'pending_manual_review';
            ELSE
                SET v_status = 'submitted';
            END IF;

            -- Update or insert into student_answer
            INSERT INTO student_answer (
                student_id, exam_id, question_id, answer_text, is_correct, score,
                status, submitted_at, attempt_number, created_at, updated_at
            ) VALUES (
                p_student_id, p_exam_id, v_question_id, v_answer_text, v_is_correct, v_score,
                v_status, NOW(), 1, NOW(), NOW()
            )
            ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
                answer_text = VALUES(answer_text),
                is_correct = VALUES(is_correct),
                score = VALUES(score),
                status = VALUES(status),
                submitted_at = VALUES(submitted_at),
                updated_at = NOW();

            SET v_inserted_count = v_inserted_count + 1;

        END LOOP;

        CLOSE exam_questions_cursor;
        COMMIT;

        SELECT 
            TRUE AS success,
            v_inserted_count AS answers_captured,
            CONCAT('Captured ', v_inserted_count, ' answers') AS message;
    END$$

CREATE PROCEDURE `sp_bulk_grade_answers` (IN `p_attempt_id` INT, IN `p_graded_by` INT, IN `p_grading_method` VARCHAR(20))   BEGIN
                DECLARE v_graded_count INT DEFAULT 0;
                DECLARE v_total_count INT DEFAULT 0;
                
                -- Count total answers for this attempt
                SELECT COUNT(*) INTO v_total_count
                FROM student_answers
                WHERE attempt_id = p_attempt_id AND is_graded = FALSE;
                
                -- Mark all ungraded answers as graded (placeholder score of 0 for manual review)
                UPDATE student_answers
                SET is_graded = TRUE,
                    graded_by = p_graded_by,
                    graded_at = NOW(),
                    grading_method = p_grading_method,
                    grading_completed_at = NOW(),
                    status = 'graded',
                    updated_at = NOW()
                WHERE attempt_id = p_attempt_id 
                    AND is_graded = FALSE
                    AND answer_content IS NOT NULL
                    AND answer_content != '';
                
                SET v_graded_count = ROW_COUNT();
                
                SELECT v_graded_count AS graded_count, 
                       v_total_count AS total_count,
                       'completed' AS result;
            END$$

CREATE PROCEDURE `sp_grade_student_answer` (IN `p_answer_id` INT, IN `p_score` DECIMAL(10,2), IN `p_feedback` TEXT, IN `p_graded_by` INT, IN `p_grading_method` VARCHAR(20), IN `p_is_correct` BOOLEAN, IN `p_partial_credit` DECIMAL(10,2))   BEGIN
                DECLARE v_existing_graded_by INT;
                DECLARE v_already_graded BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE;
                
                -- Check if already graded
                SELECT graded_by INTO v_existing_graded_by
                FROM student_answers
                WHERE id = p_answer_id;
                
                IF v_existing_graded_by IS NOT NULL THEN
                    SET v_already_graded = TRUE;
                END IF;
                
                -- Update the answer with grading information
                UPDATE student_answers
                SET score = p_score,
                    feedback = p_feedback,
                    is_correct = p_is_correct,
                    is_graded = TRUE,
                    graded_by = p_graded_by,
                    graded_at = NOW(),
                    grading_method = COALESCE(p_grading_method, grading_method),
                    partial_credit = p_partial_credit,
                    grading_completed_at = NOW(),
                    status = 'graded',
                    updated_at = NOW()
                WHERE id = p_answer_id;
                
                -- If already graded, log the update
                IF v_already_graded THEN
                    INSERT INTO student_answer_sync_log (answer_id, action, old_values, new_values, sync_status, synced_at)
                    SELECT p_answer_id, 'update', 
                        JSON_OBJECT('score', score, 'feedback', feedback, 'graded_by', graded_by),
                        JSON_OBJECT('score', p_score, 'feedback', p_feedback, 'graded_by', p_graded_by),
                        'completed', NOW()
                    FROM student_answers
                    WHERE id = p_answer_id;
                END IF;
                
                SELECT p_answer_id AS answer_id, 
                       v_already_graded AS was_already_graded,
                       'graded' AS result;
            END$$

CREATE PROCEDURE `sp_upsert_student_answer` (IN `p_exam_id` INT, IN `p_attempt_id` INT, IN `p_student_id` INT, IN `p_question_id` INT, IN `p_answer_content` LONGTEXT, IN `p_answer_type` VARCHAR(20), IN `p_is_draft` BOOLEAN, IN `p_time_spent` INT, IN `p_ip_address` VARCHAR(45), IN `p_browser_info` TEXT, IN `p_session_id` VARCHAR(100), IN `p_source` VARCHAR(20))   BEGIN
                DECLARE v_existing_id INT DEFAULT NULL;
                DECLARE v_version_number INT DEFAULT 1;
                DECLARE v_answer_hash VARCHAR(64);
                DECLARE v_answer_length INT;
                DECLARE v_word_count INT;
                DECLARE v_char_count INT;
                
                -- Calculate content metrics
                SET v_answer_hash = MD5(p_answer_content);
                SET v_answer_length = CHAR_LENGTH(p_answer_content);
                SET v_char_count = v_answer_length;
                SET v_word_count = LENGTH(p_answer_content) - LENGTH(REPLACE(p_answer_content, ' ', '')) + 1;
                
                -- Check if answer exists
                SELECT id INTO v_existing_id
                FROM student_answers
                WHERE exam_id = p_exam_id 
                    AND (attempt_id = p_attempt_id OR (attempt_id IS NULL AND p_attempt_id IS NULL))
                    AND student_id = p_student_id 
                    AND question_id = p_question_id
                LIMIT 1;
                
                IF v_existing_id IS NOT NULL THEN
                    -- Update existing answer
                    UPDATE student_answers 
                    SET answer_content = p_answer_content,
                        answer_type = COALESCE(p_answer_type, answer_type),
                        answer_hash = v_answer_hash,
                        answer_length = v_answer_length,
                        word_count = v_word_count,
                        char_count = v_char_count,
                        time_spent_seconds = COALESCE(p_time_spent, time_spent_seconds),
                        ip_address = COALESCE(p_ip_address, ip_address),
                        browser_info = p_browser_info,
                        session_id = COALESCE(p_session_id, session_id),
                        source = COALESCE(p_source, source),
                        is_draft = p_is_draft,
                        is_final = NOT p_is_draft,
                        save_count = save_count + 1,
                        last_save_at = NOW(),
                        version_number = version_number + 1,
                        updated_at = NOW()
                    WHERE id = v_existing_id;
                    
                    SELECT v_existing_id AS answer_id, 'updated' AS action;
                ELSE
                    -- Insert new answer
                    INSERT INTO student_answers (
                        exam_id, attempt_id, student_id, question_id,
                        answer_content, answer_type, answer_hash,
                        answer_length, word_count, char_count,
                        time_spent_seconds, ip_address, browser_info,
                        session_id, source, is_draft, is_final,
                        first_save_at, last_save_at, save_count,
                        status, started_at, submitted_at
                    ) VALUES (
                        p_exam_id, p_attempt_id, p_student_id, p_question_id,
                        p_answer_content, p_answer_type, v_answer_hash,
                        v_answer_length, v_word_count, v_char_count,
                        p_time_spent, p_ip_address, p_browser_info,
                        p_session_id, p_source, p_is_draft, NOT p_is_draft,
                        NOW(), NOW(), 1,
                        CASE WHEN p_is_draft THEN 'saved' ELSE 'submitted' END,
                        NOW(), CASE WHEN p_is_draft THEN NULL ELSE NOW() END
                    );
                    
                    SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID() AS answer_id, 'created' AS action;
                END IF;
            END$$

CREATE PROCEDURE `test_debug_procedure` (IN `p_exam_id` INT, IN `p_student_id` INT, IN `p_attempt_id` INT)   BEGIN
    DECLARE v_question_id INT;
    DECLARE v_answer_text TEXT;
    DECLARE v_status VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT 'submitted';
    DECLARE done BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE;
    
    DECLARE exam_questions_cursor CURSOR FOR
        SELECT eq.question_id
        FROM exam_questions eq
        WHERE eq.exam_id = p_exam_id
        LIMIT 1;
    
    DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND SET done = TRUE;
    
    START TRANSACTION;
    
    OPEN exam_questions_cursor;
    
    question_loop: LOOP
        FETCH exam_questions_cursor INTO v_question_id;
        
        IF done THEN
            LEAVE question_loop;
        END IF;
        
        -- Initialize status
        SET v_status = 'submitted';
        
        -- Try to get answer
        SELECT COALESCE(sa.status, 'no_row_found')
        INTO v_status
        FROM student_answers sa
        WHERE sa.exam_id = p_exam_id
          AND sa.student_id = p_student_id
          AND sa.attempt_id = p_attempt_id
          AND sa.question_id = v_question_id
        LIMIT 1;
        
        -- Insert for debugging
        INSERT INTO student_answer (
            student_id, exam_id, question_id, answer_text, status, attempt_number, created_at
        )
        VALUES (
            p_student_id, p_exam_id, v_question_id,
            CONCAT('Status from proc: ', v_status),
            v_status,
            1,
            NOW()
        )
        ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
            answer_text = CONCAT('Status from proc: ', v_status),
            status = v_status;
            
    END LOOP;
    
    CLOSE exam_questions_cursor;
    COMMIT;
    
    SELECT 'Debug procedure complete' AS result;
END$$

DELIMITER ;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `ai_analytics`
--

CREATE TABLE `ai_analytics` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `date` date NOT NULL,
  `feature` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `total_requests` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `successful_requests` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `failed_requests` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `total_tokens` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `total_cost` decimal(10,4) DEFAULT 0.0000,
  `average_response_time_ms` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `unique_users` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `ai_content_cache`
--

CREATE TABLE `ai_content_cache` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `cache_key` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `feature` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `input_hash` varchar(128) NOT NULL,
  `ai_response` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin NOT NULL,
  `tokens_used` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `cost` decimal(8,4) DEFAULT 0.0000,
  `expires_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `last_accessed` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp(),
  `access_count` int(11) DEFAULT 1
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `ai_feedback`
--

CREATE TABLE `ai_feedback` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `feature` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `rating` tinyint(4) DEFAULT NULL,
  `feedback_text` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `helpful` tinyint(1) DEFAULT NULL,
  `accuracy_rating` tinyint(4) DEFAULT NULL,
  `speed_rating` tinyint(4) DEFAULT NULL,
  `metadata` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `ai_rate_limits`
--

CREATE TABLE `ai_rate_limits` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `feature` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `requests_count` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `window_start` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp(),
  `window_type` enum('hour','day','month') DEFAULT 'hour',
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `ai_settings`
--

CREATE TABLE `ai_settings` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `setting_key` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `setting_value` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `setting_type` enum('string','integer','float','boolean','json') DEFAULT 'string',
  `description` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `is_system` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `ai_usage_logs`
--

CREATE TABLE `ai_usage_logs` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `feature` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `tokens_used` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `cost` decimal(8,4) DEFAULT 0.0000,
  `metadata` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `response_time_ms` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `success` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
  `error_message` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `announcements`
--

CREATE TABLE `announcements` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `content` text NOT NULL,
  `type` enum('info','warning','success','error') DEFAULT 'info',
  `status` enum('active','inactive') DEFAULT 'inactive',
  `show_on_home` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
  `created_by` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `assignment_submissions`
--

CREATE TABLE `assignment_submissions` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `enrollment_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `lesson_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `submission_text` longtext DEFAULT NULL,
  `attachment_path` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
  `submitted_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `graded_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `grade` decimal(5,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `feedback` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` enum('submitted','graded','returned') DEFAULT 'submitted'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `assignment_submissions`
--

INSERT INTO `assignment_submissions` (`id`, `enrollment_id`, `lesson_id`, `submission_text`, `attachment_path`, `submitted_at`, `graded_at`, `grade`, `feedback`, `status`) VALUES
(1, 2, 8, 'Find my assignment submission. ', '../uploads/assignments/694611e804e8f_AUDIT PREPARATIONS DECEMBER 2025.docx', '2025-12-20 03:03:04', '2025-12-20 03:07:01', 80.00, 'weldone, you answered very well.', 'graded');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `calendar_events`
--

CREATE TABLE `calendar_events` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `description` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `event_date` date NOT NULL,
  `event_time` time DEFAULT '09:00:00',
  `creator_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `calendar_events`
--

INSERT INTO `calendar_events` (`id`, `title`, `description`, `event_date`, `event_time`, `creator_id`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 'Student meeting', 'We want to meet and discuss about changes in management', '2025-12-06', '09:00:00', 1, '2025-12-05 23:20:48', '2025-12-05 23:20:48'),
(2, 'Meeting', 'meeting', '2026-01-10', '09:00:00', 1, '2026-01-07 05:21:09', '2026-01-07 05:21:09');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `cart_items`
--

CREATE TABLE `cart_items` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `item_type` enum('course','exam') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'course',
  `item_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `cart_items`
--

INSERT INTO `cart_items` (`id`, `user_id`, `item_type`, `item_id`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(3, 1, 'course', 5, '2025-11-27 07:58:07', '2025-11-27 07:58:07'),
(24, 5, 'exam', 4, '2025-12-02 01:53:58', '2025-12-02 01:53:58'),
(57, 9, 'course', 11, '2026-05-13 09:05:48', '2026-05-13 09:05:48'),
(58, 5, 'exam', 11, '2026-05-30 15:58:27', '2026-05-30 15:58:27');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `categories`
--

CREATE TABLE `categories` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `slug` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `description` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `thumbnail` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `categories`
--

INSERT INTO `categories` (`id`, `name`, `slug`, `description`, `thumbnail`, `created_at`) VALUES
(1, 'News', 'news', 'Latest news and updates', NULL, '2025-09-10 03:45:35'),
(2, 'Articles', 'articles', 'In-depth articles and analysis', NULL, '2025-09-10 03:45:35'),
(4, 'CIPS L5', 'cips-l5', 'This revision CIPS exam structured questions and answers is a supplement to reinforce your study and self-assessment. Do not anticipate it to appear in your official CIPS exams. Always refer to the CIPS syllabus.', NULL, '2025-09-10 04:26:09'),
(6, 'A Stores Management Training', 'a-stores-management-training', 'Explore warehousing and inventory management training content to transform your knowledge and skills', 'assets/images/category_1764228626_6927fe1249fa9.png', '2025-11-05 16:22:19'),
(8, 'CIPS L4M1', 'cips-l4m1', 'This revision CIPS exam structured questions and answers is a supplement to reinforce your study and self-assessment. Do not anticipate it to appear in your official CIPS exams. Always refer to the CIPS syllabus.', NULL, '2025-11-07 04:43:33'),
(9, 'Big Data', 'big-data', 'Questions and answers related to big data in procurement and supply chain. This enables CIPS student attempting L6M4 Module to score better marks.', NULL, '2025-11-09 17:46:56'),
(10, 'CIPS L6M2', 'cips-l6m2', 'This revision CIPS exam structured questions and answers is a supplement to reinforce your study and self-assessment. Do not anticipate it to appear in your official CIPS exams. Always refer to the CIPS syllabus.', NULL, '2025-11-15 08:11:17'),
(11, 'L5M4', 'l5m4', 'This revision CIPS exam structured questions and answers is a supplement to reinforce your study and self-assessment. Do not anticipate it to appear in your official CIPS exams. Always refer to the CIPS syllabus.', NULL, '2026-02-22 08:08:55'),
(12, 'CIPS L6', 'cips-l6', 'Professional Diploma in Procurement and Supply', NULL, '2026-05-11 23:18:08');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `content_analytics`
--

CREATE TABLE `content_analytics` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `content_type` enum('lesson','resource','module') NOT NULL,
  `content_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `course_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `date` date NOT NULL,
  `views` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `unique_views` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `time_spent` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `completions` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `downloads` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `shares` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `ratings_count` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `average_rating` decimal(3,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `content_operations_log`
--

CREATE TABLE `content_operations_log` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `operation_type` enum('bulk_upload','bulk_delete','bulk_move','bulk_copy','bulk_publish') NOT NULL,
  `content_type` enum('lesson','resource','module') NOT NULL,
  `course_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `affected_items` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `operation_data` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` enum('pending','processing','completed','failed') DEFAULT 'pending',
  `error_message` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `started_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `completed_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `counts`
--

CREATE TABLE `counts` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `transaction_id` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `session_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `assignment_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `item_code` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `item_description` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `physical_count` decimal(10,2) NOT NULL,
  `system_count` decimal(10,2) NOT NULL,
  `variance` decimal(10,2) GENERATED ALWAYS AS (`physical_count` - `system_count`) STORED,
  `counted_by` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `checked_by` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` enum('pending','checked','approved','rejected','recount_pending','recount_submitted','final_count') DEFAULT 'pending',
  `count_date` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `checked_date` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `notes` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `original_count_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `count_assignments`
--

CREATE TABLE `count_assignments` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `session_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `counter_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
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) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `count_sessions`
--

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  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `courses`
--

CREATE TABLE `courses` (
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  `duration_hours` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `language` varchar(50) DEFAULT 'English',
  `max_students` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `enrollment_deadline` date DEFAULT NULL,
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  `learning_objectives` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
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  `certificate_enabled` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `courses`
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(1, 'Stores Training', 'stores-training', 'The future of the supply chain management', 'Supply chain management', 5, 11, 'uploads/course-thumbnails/1764027925_KISS_Logo-removebg-preview.png', '', 20.00, 'USD', 'beginner', 0, '', NULL, NULL, '', '[]', '[]', 'published', 0, 1, 0, '2025-11-24 23:45:25', '2026-04-09 02:09:49'),
(3, 'L4M1', 'cips-level4', 'Procurement operations', 'Procurement and Supply', 5, NULL, '', '', 10.00, 'USD', 'intermediate', 10, 'English', NULL, NULL, 'O. level', '[]', '[]', 'published', 0, 0, 0, '2025-11-25 11:11:46', '2026-05-30 04:05:52'),
(8, 'L5M1 Tutorial', 'l5m1-tutorial', 'Managing Teams and Individuals (L5M1)', 'Managing Teams and Individuals', 5, 8, 'uploads/course-thumbnails/1765707595_Gemini_Generated_Image_jf6mlyjf6mlyjf6m.png', 'uploads/course-banners/1765707595_Gemini_Generated_Image_3aq5b23aq5b23aq5.png', 0.00, 'USD', 'intermediate', 180, 'English', NULL, NULL, '', '[]', '[]', 'published', 0, 1, 0, '2025-12-14 10:19:55', '2025-12-14 10:31:30'),
(9, 'L5M4 Tutorial', 'l5m4-tutorial', 'Advanced Contract and Financial Management (L5M4', 'Advanced Contract and Financial Management (L5M4', 5, 8, '', '', 0.00, 'USD', 'intermediate', 10, 'English', NULL, NULL, '', '[]', '[]', 'published', 0, 1, 0, '2025-12-18 06:55:00', '2025-12-18 08:42:15'),
(10, 'L5M2', 'l5m2', 'supply chain', 'Supply chain risk', 5, 8, '', '', 0.00, 'USD', 'intermediate', 10, 'English', NULL, NULL, '', '[]', '[]', 'draft', 0, 1, 0, '2026-01-09 06:39:37', '2026-01-09 14:04:32'),
(11, 'L5M3', 'l5m3', 'Managing contract', 'Contracting', 5, 8, '', '', 0.00, 'USD', 'intermediate', 10, 'English', NULL, NULL, '', '[]', '[]', 'published', 0, 1, 0, '2026-01-09 14:25:45', '2026-01-11 03:00:47'),
(12, 'L6M6', 'l6m6', 'full descripotion of', 'great to receive stock', 5, 9, '', '', 20.00, 'USD', 'beginner', 10, 'English', NULL, NULL, '', '[]', '[]', 'published', 0, 0, 0, '2026-03-28 03:23:09', '2026-05-13 15:54:03'),
(13, 'L6M3', '', 'Global Strategic Supply Chain Management[L6M3]', 'all good', 5, 9, '', '', 0.00, 'USD', 'intermediate', 10, 'English', NULL, NULL, '', '[]', '[]', 'published', 0, 1, 0, '2026-04-02 16:55:20', '2026-05-13 15:43:04'),
(14, 'Stores Management Training 1', 'stores-training-1', 'warehousing and inventory management', '', 5, 11, '', '', 0.00, 'USD', 'intermediate', 52, 'English', NULL, NULL, '', '[]', '[]', 'published', 0, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 12:41:49', '2026-05-08 22:00:38'),
(15, 'L6M5', 'l6m5', 'hhgg', '', 5, NULL, '', '', 0.00, 'USD', 'beginner', 10, 'English', NULL, NULL, '', '[]', '[]', 'published', 0, 0, 0, '2026-04-15 03:30:31', '2026-05-13 15:50:55'),
(16, 'L6M1', 'l6m1', 'Strategic Ethical Leadership (L6M1)', '', 5, 12, '', '', 20.00, 'USD', 'advanced', 10, 'English', NULL, NULL, '', '[]', '[]', 'published', 0, 0, 0, '2026-05-11 23:30:24', '2026-05-13 15:52:06'),
(17, 'L4M2', 'l4m2', 'Defining Business Need(L4M2)', '', 5, 13, '', '', 20.00, 'USD', 'beginner', 10, 'English', NULL, NULL, '', '[]', '[]', 'draft', 0, 0, 0, '2026-05-29 06:42:22', '2026-05-29 06:42:22'),
(18, 'L4M4', 'l4m4', 'Commercial Contracting (L4M3)', '', 5, 13, '', '', 20.00, 'USD', 'intermediate', 10, 'English', NULL, NULL, '', '[]', '[]', 'draft', 0, 0, 0, '2026-05-29 22:40:30', '2026-05-29 22:40:30'),
(19, 'L4M5', 'l4m5', 'Commercial Negotiation(L4M5)', '', 5, 13, '', '', 10.00, 'USD', 'intermediate', 10, 'English', NULL, NULL, '', '[]', '[]', 'draft', 0, 0, 0, '2026-05-30 11:17:43', '2026-05-30 11:17:43'),
(20, 'L5M15', 'l5m15', 'Advanced Negotiation (L5M15)', 'Advanced Negotiation (L5M15)', 5, 8, '', '', 20.00, 'USD', 'advanced', 60, 'English', NULL, NULL, '', '[]', '[]', 'draft', 0, 0, 0, '2026-05-31 06:46:09', '2026-05-31 06:46:09');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `course_analytics`
--

CREATE TABLE `course_analytics` (
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) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `course_categories`
--

CREATE TABLE `course_categories` (
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) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `course_categories`
--

INSERT INTO `course_categories` (`id`, `name`, `slug`, `description`, `icon`, `color`, `parent_id`, `sort_order`, `is_active`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 'Technology', 'technology', 'Courses about programming, software development, and tech skills', 'fas fa-code', '#007bff', NULL, 0, 1, '2025-11-25 11:53:00', '2025-11-25 11:53:00'),
(2, 'Research', 'research', 'Business management, entrepreneurship, and professional development', 'fas fa-briefcase', '#28a745', NULL, 0, 1, '2025-11-25 11:53:00', '2025-11-28 13:04:32'),
(3, 'Design', 'design', 'Graphic design, UI/UX, and creative skills', 'fas fa-palette', '#e83e8c', NULL, 0, 1, '2025-11-25 11:53:00', '2025-11-25 11:53:00'),
(4, 'Marketing', 'marketing', 'Digital marketing, SEO, and advertising strategies', 'fas fa-bullhorn', '#fd7e14', NULL, 0, 1, '2025-11-25 11:53:00', '2025-11-25 11:53:00'),
(5, 'Data Science', 'data-science', 'Data analysis, machine learning, and statistics', 'fas fa-chart-line', '#6f42c1', NULL, 0, 1, '2025-11-25 11:53:00', '2025-11-25 11:53:00'),
(6, 'Languages', 'languages', 'Learn new languages and communication skills', 'fas fa-language', '#20c997', NULL, 0, 1, '2025-11-25 11:53:00', '2025-11-25 11:53:00'),
(7, 'CIPS', 'cips', 'Procurement and Supply', '', '#0400ff', NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-26 16:18:21', '2025-11-28 13:05:35'),
(8, 'CIPS L5', 'cips-l5', 'Procurement and Supply', '', '#007bff', NULL, 0, 1, '2025-11-28 13:05:23', '2025-11-28 13:05:23'),
(9, 'Business', 'business', 'Business management, entrepreneurship, and professional development', 'fas fa-briefcase', '#28a745', NULL, 2, 1, '2026-01-10 09:55:03', '2026-01-10 09:55:03'),
(11, 'Training', 'training', 'Inventory, warehousing, procurement and supply chain work related trainings', '', '#f7de3b', NULL, 0, 1, '2026-04-03 12:39:10', '2026-04-03 12:39:10'),
(12, 'CIPS L6', 'cips-l6', 'Professional Diploma in Procurement and Supply', '', '#3b82f6', NULL, 0, 1, '2026-05-11 23:27:22', '2026-05-11 23:27:22'),
(13, 'CIPS L4', 'cips-l4', '', '', '#3b82f6', NULL, 0, 1, '2026-05-29 06:33:39', '2026-05-29 06:33:39');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `course_enrollments`
--

CREATE TABLE `course_enrollments` (
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  `payment_amount` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `certificate_issued` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `certificate_url` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `notes` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `course_enrollments`
--

INSERT INTO `course_enrollments` (`id`, `course_id`, `student_id`, `enrollment_date`, `completion_date`, `progress_percentage`, `status`, `payment_status`, `payment_amount`, `certificate_issued`, `certificate_url`, `notes`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 1, 6, '2025-11-25 13:58:27', NULL, 0.00, 'in_progress', 'paid', 0.00, 0, NULL, NULL, '2025-11-25 13:58:27', '2026-01-14 01:35:54'),
(2, 1, 4, '2025-11-25 14:02:36', NULL, 0.00, 'in_progress', 'paid', 0.00, 0, NULL, NULL, '2025-11-25 14:02:36', '2026-04-09 13:38:06'),
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(21, 14, 10, '2026-05-13 12:47:53', NULL, 0.00, 'dropped', 'paid', 0.00, 0, NULL, NULL, '2026-05-13 12:47:53', '2026-05-13 12:48:57'),
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(23, 14, 13, '2026-05-13 13:02:44', NULL, 0.00, 'in_progress', 'paid', 0.00, 0, NULL, NULL, '2026-05-13 13:02:44', '2026-05-13 14:47:28'),
(24, 14, 14, '2026-05-13 14:10:58', NULL, 19.00, 'in_progress', 'paid', 0.00, 0, NULL, NULL, '2026-05-13 14:10:58', '2026-05-15 09:36:08'),
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-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `course_lessons`
--

CREATE TABLE `course_lessons` (
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  `learning_objectives` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `module_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `topic_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `course_lessons`
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INSERT INTO `course_lessons` (`id`, `course_id`, `title`, `slug`, `description`, `lesson_type`, `content`, `video_url`, `video_duration`, `attachment_url`, `attachment_name`, `sort_order`, `is_preview`, `is_required`, `estimated_time`, `prerequisites`, `learning_objectives`, `module_id`, `topic_id`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 1, 'Opportunities for Technology Implementation:', 'opportunities-for-technology-implementation', '', 'text', '<ul style=\"margin-top:0cm\" type=\"disc\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>IoT</b>:\r\n     Enhances storage monitoring and improves forecasting for supply chain\r\n     coordination. For example, IoT-enabled cold chain logistics could reduce\r\n     spoilage in perishable goods.<o:p></o:p></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>Blockchain</b>:\r\n     Enables traceability and prevents fraud while building consumer trust. In\r\n     the Nigerian context, pilot programs have demonstrated its effectiveness\r\n     in deterring counterfeit goods&nbsp;2.<o:p></o:p></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>Mobile\r\n     Apps</b>: Empower transactions directly between farmers and buyers,\r\n     minimizing dependence on intermediaries while fostering smallholder market\r\n     access.<o:p></o:p></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\">Infrastructure\r\n     Deficits: Inadequate transportation, unreliable energy, and limited\r\n     digital connectivity hinder efficient supply chain operations and\r\n     technology adoption 2517.<o:p></o:p></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\">Digital\r\n     Divide and Literacy: Low digital literacy and limited access to affordable\r\n     digital tools restrict the benefits of digitalization for smallholder\r\n     farmers 514.<o:p></o:p></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\">Policy\r\n     and Institutional Barriers: Weak regulatory frameworks and inconsistent\r\n     policies impede the scaling of technological innovations 21916.<o:p></o:p></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\">Socioeconomic\r\n     and Gender Disparities: Gender gaps and social inequalities further limit\r\n     equitable access to technology and its benefits 59.<o:p></o:p></li>\r\n</ul>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 1, 1, 30, '[]', '[\"Technology\",\"supply chain\"]', 27, 28, '2025-11-25 01:04:01', '2026-04-09 02:51:42'),
(2, 1, 'Opportunities for Technology Implementation:', 'opportunities-for-technology-implementation-1', '', 'video', '<ul style=\"margin-top:0cm\" type=\"disc\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>IoT</b>:\r\n     Enhances storage monitoring and improves forecasting for supply chain\r\n     coordination. For example, IoT-enabled cold chain logistics could reduce\r\n     spoilage in perishable goods.<o:p></o:p></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>Blockchain</b>:\r\n     Enables traceability and prevents fraud while building consumer trust. In\r\n     the Nigerian context, pilot programs have demonstrated its effectiveness\r\n     in deterring counterfeit goods&nbsp;2.<o:p></o:p></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>Mobile\r\n     Apps</b>: Empower transactions directly between farmers and buyers,\r\n     minimizing dependence on intermediaries while fostering smallholder market\r\n     access.<o:p></o:p></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\">Infrastructure\r\n     Deficits: Inadequate transportation, unreliable energy, and limited\r\n     digital connectivity hinder efficient supply chain operations and\r\n     technology adoption 2517.<o:p></o:p></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\">Digital\r\n     Divide and Literacy: Low digital literacy and limited access to affordable\r\n     digital tools restrict the benefits of digitalization for smallholder\r\n     farmers 514.<o:p></o:p></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\">Policy\r\n     and Institutional Barriers: Weak regulatory frameworks and inconsistent\r\n     policies impede the scaling of technological innovations 21916.<o:p></o:p></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\">Socioeconomic\r\n     and Gender Disparities: Gender gaps and social inequalities further limit\r\n     equitable access to technology and its benefits 59.<o:p></o:p></li>\r\n</ul>', 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lRvpngIcof0', 0, '', '', 1, 1, 1, 30, '[]', '[\"Technology\",\"supply chain\"]', 27, 28, '2025-11-25 01:10:46', '2026-04-09 02:51:42'),
(3, 1, 'Opportunities for Technology Implementation:', 'opportunities-for-technology-implementation-2', '', 'video', '', NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, 1, 1, 1, 30, '[]', '[\"Technology\",\"supply chain\"]', 27, 29, '2025-11-25 01:14:21', '2026-04-09 02:51:42'),
(4, 3, 'Business intelligent', 'business-intelligent', 'make business the heart of every moment', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Introduction<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">As the food industry plays an important role in providing\r\nthe basics and necessities for supporting human activities and behaviors (Zhong\r\net al., 2017), food safety remains a concern of almost every consumer, and\r\ngovernment (Beske et al, 2014). &nbsp;Studying the Food Supply Chain is\r\nimportant, specifically in Africa where food insufficiency has been recognized\r\nas prevalent and where the population, according to the UN, is expected to\r\nreach 3 billion in 2050. The challenge to feed this population is daunting.&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Governments and firms operating in Africa face several\r\nobstacles in meeting this challenge. These include poor and underdeveloped\r\ntransportation infrastructure and erratic energy supply in spite of large\r\navailability of resources and poor economies.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">According to the World Bank, Africa has nearly 600 million\r\nhectares of uncultivated arable land – approximately 60% of the world’s total.\r\nHowever, this potential remains largely underutilized due to the local\r\npopulations\' limited access to daily food needs. African firms and governments\r\ncan leap frog in innovations and technologies implementation. This situation\r\nhighlights the need for academic discourse and empirical research on how\r\neffective supply chain management, supported by appropriate technologies, can\r\nhelp alleviate food insufficiency.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Food supply chains in Africa are characterized by the\r\npresence of many vulnerable participants, such as smallholder farmers and\r\npurchasing clerks (Bai et al., 2022) who generally rely on collaborative\r\npractices and transparency to respond to economic pressures and to achieve\r\ngreater coordination in the chains (Matopoulos et al., 2007).<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">However, the use of Western-centric supply chain models,\r\nlike logistics planning models, common in developed countries may be\r\nineffective in Africa due to its unique contextual characteristics. The\r\noriginality of this Special Issue lies in its focus on examining a food supply\r\nchain management model tailored to Africa. It therefore aims to identify and\r\ntheorize on supply chain best practices in the food sector within a context\r\nthat is characterized by high social pressure and economic disruption.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">This Special Issue explores the dynamics of technologies and\r\nhow such technologies can match the supply chain processes with local needs and\r\nenabling African economies to move toward food self-sufficiency. Furthermore,\r\nunderstanding how the different nodes are interconnected within the African\r\nsupply chains would not only help in identifying improvement points but also\r\nstrengthen local collaborations to face the challenges of globalization.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">This Special Issue aims to address the following key\r\nquestions:&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 1, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 2, NULL, '2025-11-25 11:18:04', '2025-11-25 11:18:04'),
(5, 3, 'Business intelligent', 'business-intelligent-1', 'make business the heart of every moment', 'video', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Introduction<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">As the food industry plays an important role in providing\r\nthe basics and necessities for supporting human activities and behaviors (Zhong\r\net al., 2017), food safety remains a concern of almost every consumer, and\r\ngovernment (Beske et al, 2014). &nbsp;Studying the Food Supply Chain is\r\nimportant, specifically in Africa where food insufficiency has been recognized\r\nas prevalent and where the population, according to the UN, is expected to\r\nreach 3 billion in 2050. The challenge to feed this population is daunting.&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Governments and firms operating in Africa face several\r\nobstacles in meeting this challenge. These include poor and underdeveloped\r\ntransportation infrastructure and erratic energy supply in spite of large\r\navailability of resources and poor economies.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">According to the World Bank, Africa has nearly 600 million\r\nhectares of uncultivated arable land – approximately 60% of the world’s total.\r\nHowever, this potential remains largely underutilized due to the local\r\npopulations\' limited access to daily food needs. African firms and governments\r\ncan leap frog in innovations and technologies implementation. This situation\r\nhighlights the need for academic discourse and empirical research on how\r\neffective supply chain management, supported by appropriate technologies, can\r\nhelp alleviate food insufficiency.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Food supply chains in Africa are characterized by the\r\npresence of many vulnerable participants, such as smallholder farmers and\r\npurchasing clerks (Bai et al., 2022) who generally rely on collaborative\r\npractices and transparency to respond to economic pressures and to achieve\r\ngreater coordination in the chains (Matopoulos et al., 2007).<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">However, the use of Western-centric supply chain models,\r\nlike logistics planning models, common in developed countries may be\r\nineffective in Africa due to its unique contextual characteristics. The\r\noriginality of this Special Issue lies in its focus on examining a food supply\r\nchain management model tailored to Africa. It therefore aims to identify and\r\ntheorize on supply chain best practices in the food sector within a context\r\nthat is characterized by high social pressure and economic disruption.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">This Special Issue explores the dynamics of technologies and\r\nhow such technologies can match the supply chain processes with local needs and\r\nenabling African economies to move toward food self-sufficiency. Furthermore,\r\nunderstanding how the different nodes are interconnected within the African\r\nsupply chains would not only help in identifying improvement points but also\r\nstrengthen local collaborations to face the challenges of globalization.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">This Special Issue aims to address the following key\r\nquestions:&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></p>', 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lRvpngIcof0', 0, '', '', 1, 1, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 2, NULL, '2025-11-25 11:18:42', '2025-11-25 11:18:42'),
(6, 1, 'Getting Started with PHP', 'getting-started-with-php', 'Introduction to PHP basics and environment setup', 'video', '<h2>PHP Basics</h2><p>PHP is a server-side scripting language...</p>', 'https://youtu.be/JxA0UgTox4g', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 27, 30, '2025-11-25 11:53:00', '2026-04-09 02:51:42'),
(7, 1, 'Variables and Data Types', 'variables-and-data-types', 'Understanding PHP variables and data types', 'video', '<h2>Variables in PHP</h2><p>Variables are containers for storing data values...</p>', 'http://localhost:8080/lms/videos/L5M1 Chapter One Learning Outcome 1.1.0.mp4', 0, '', '', 2, 0, 1, 45, '[]', '[]', 48, NULL, '2025-11-25 11:53:00', '2026-04-09 02:51:42'),
(8, 1, 'Control Structures', 'control-structures', 'Learn about if statements, loops, and control flow', 'assignment', '<h2>Control Structures</h2><p>Control structures allow you to control the flow of execution...</p>', '', 0, '', '', 3, 0, 1, 60, '[]', '[\"Create the logical sequency of ideas\"]', 49, NULL, '2025-11-25 11:53:00', '2026-04-09 02:51:42'),
(9, 8, 'Analyse aspects of organisational behaviour', 'analyse-aspects-of-organisational-behaviour', '1.1.1 Behaviour of individuals\r\n1.1.2 Organisational structure and the impact on team\r\nbehaviour\r\n1.1.3 Impact of organisational structures on the process\r\nof management\r\n1.1.4 Organisational metaphors\r\n1.1.5 Impact of the psychological contract in managing\r\nindividuals\r\n1.1.6 STEEPLED factors influencing organisational\r\nbehaviour', 'text', '1.1.1 Behaviour of individuals\r\n1.1.2 Organisational structure and the impact on team\r\nbehaviour\r\n1.1.3 Impact of organisational structures on the process\r\nof management\r\n1.1.4 Organisational metaphors\r\n1.1.5 Impact of the psychological contract in managing\r\nindividuals\r\n1.1.6 STEEPLED factors influencing organisational\r\nbehaviour', '', 0, '', '', 1, 1, 1, 30, '[]', '[\"Behaviour of individuals\"]', NULL, NULL, '2025-12-14 10:29:35', '2025-12-14 10:29:35'),
(10, 8, 'Analyse the traditional approaches of management and organisational behaviour', 'analyse-the-traditional-approaches-of-management-and-organisational-behaviour', 'Administrative approach\r\n1.2.2 Scientific management approach\r\n1.2.3 Bureaucratic approach', 'text', 'Administrative approach\r\n1.2.2 Scientific management approach\r\n1.2.3 Bureaucratic approach', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[\"Administrative approach 1.2.2 Scientific management approach 1.2.3 Bureaucratic approach\"]', NULL, NULL, '2025-12-14 10:55:24', '2025-12-14 10:55:24'),
(11, 8, 'Assess the alignment of procurement and supply knowledge, skills, and behaviours to the organisational strategy', 'assess-the-alignment-of-procurement-and-supply-knowledge-skills-and-behaviours-to-the-organisational-strategy', 'All', 'text', 'All good&nbsp;', '', 0, '', '', 1, 1, 1, 30, '[]', '[\"4.1.1 The scope of the procurement and supply operation\",\"4.1.2 Methods for identifying the relevant knowledge, skills, and behaviours required\",\"4.1.3 The business case for developing teams\"]', NULL, NULL, '2025-12-14 19:43:50', '2025-12-14 19:43:50'),
(25, 9, '1.3.1 Context and scope for supplier contract  development', '1-3-1-context-and-scope-for-supplier-contract-development', '', 'text', '', NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, 1, 0, 1, 5, NULL, NULL, 13, 9, '2025-12-18 07:02:17', '2025-12-18 07:02:17'),
(26, 9, '1.3.2 Supplier capability assessments', '1-3-2-supplier-capability-assessments', '', 'video', '', NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, 2, 0, 1, 5, NULL, NULL, 13, 9, '2025-12-18 07:02:55', '2025-12-18 07:02:55'),
(27, 9, '1.3.3 Learning, knowledge, and technology transfer  between and across organisations', '1-3-3-learning-knowledge-and-technology-transfer-between-and-across-organisations', '', 'video', 'good', 'uploads/videos/video_1776270493_1c7add46.mp4', 0, '', '', 3, 0, 1, 5, '[]', '[]', 13, 9, '2025-12-18 07:03:24', '2026-04-15 16:28:13'),
(28, 9, '1.3.4 Collaborative product/service development: cross  functional working, early supplier involvement,  supplier networks, supplier co-ordination and  supplier forums', '1-3-4-collaborative-product-service-development-cross-functional-working-early-supplier-involvement-supplier-networks-supplier-co-ordination-and-supplier-forums', '', 'text', '', NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, 4, 0, 1, 5, NULL, NULL, 13, 9, '2025-12-18 07:03:44', '2025-12-18 07:03:44'),
(29, 9, '1.3.5 Continuous improvement strategies, action plans,  and reviews', '1-3-5-continuous-improvement-strategies-action-plans-and-reviews', '', 'text', '', NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, 5, 0, 1, 5, NULL, NULL, 13, 9, '2025-12-18 07:04:18', '2025-12-18 07:04:18'),
(30, 9, '1.3.5 Continuous improvement strategies, action plans,  and reviews', '1-3-5-continuous-improvement-strategies-action-plans-and-reviews-1', '', 'text', '', NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, 5, 0, 1, 5, NULL, NULL, 13, 9, '2025-12-18 07:26:48', '2025-12-18 07:26:48'),
(71, 1, 'welcome statement', 'welcome-statement', '', 'video', '', 'https://youtu.be/JxA0UgTox4g', 0, NULL, NULL, 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 41, 21, '2026-01-11 13:14:34', '2026-04-09 02:59:36'),
(72, 1, 'intro 2', 'intro-2', '', 'video', '', NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, 2, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 41, NULL, '2026-01-11 13:28:50', '2026-04-09 02:59:36'),
(73, 1, 'intro 2', 'intro-2-1', '', 'video', '', 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lRvpngIcof0', 0, NULL, NULL, 2, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 41, NULL, '2026-01-11 13:30:29', '2026-04-09 02:59:36'),
(74, 1, 'Clite statmemt', 'clite-statmemt', '', 'video', '', NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, 2, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 41, NULL, '2026-01-12 00:07:17', '2026-04-09 02:59:36'),
(75, 1, 'how', 'intro-statement', 'Welcome discount for new students', 'video', 'We provide lessons good for education', 'http://localhost:8080/lms/videos/LM5MLO1.1.1.mp4', 0, '', '', 2, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 41, 21, '2026-01-12 00:27:59', '2026-04-09 02:59:36'),
(77, 1, 'chipo', 'chipo-1', '', 'video', '<h3 style=\"margin-left:36.0pt\"><b><u><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:Poppins\">INVENTORY RECEIVING SKILLS<br></span></u></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\nPoppins\">Based on the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for General Receiving\r\nGoods at PAB, the skills required to perform these tasks can be categorized\r\ninto technical, administrative, and safety-related competencies. The following\r\nlist identifies the skills available and required for the various roles\r\nmentioned (Receiving Clerk, Storeman, Security, etc.) to achieve the objectives\r\nof the procedure.</span><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\"><hr size=\"2\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"></span><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\"><li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;\">Technical Receiving &amp;\r\n     Inspection Skills</span></b></li></ol><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;\r\nline-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">These skills are essential for the\r\nphysical verification and quality control of incoming inventory:</span><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"a\"><li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">Inventory\r\n      Inspection:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n      font-family:Poppins\"> Ability to inspect goods for damages, conformance\r\n      to specifications, and compliance with quality thresholds<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li></ol><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"a\"><li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">Technical\r\n      Specification Review:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:\r\n      107%;font-family:Poppins\"> Capability to review technically specified\r\n      goods (like critical spares) against user requirements<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li></ol><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"a\"><li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">Product-Specific\r\n      Handling:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n      font-family:Poppins\"> Specialized knowledge for handling and inspecting\r\n      bulk stock (coal, feed) and hazardous materials (chemicals)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li></ol><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"a\"><li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">Temperature\r\n      Monitoring:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n      font-family:Poppins\"> Skill in checking vehicle temperature history logs\r\n      and current product temperatures for temperature-controlled goods<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li></ol><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"a\"><li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">Sampling\r\n      &amp; Testing:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n      font-family:Poppins\"> Ability to collect samples as directed by Quality\r\n      Assurance (QA) and weigh samples for bulk deliveries<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li></ol></h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</span></div>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins;mso-fareast-font-family:\r\nCalibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:\r\nEN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA\">\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</span>', 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzLoTA74bnA', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 41, 21, '2026-01-12 00:53:29', '2026-04-09 02:59:36'),
(78, 1, 'great', 'great', '', 'video', '\r\n                                    ', 'http://localhost:8080/lms/videos/L5M1 Chapter One Learning Outcome 1.1.0.mp4', 0, NULL, NULL, 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 41, 21, '2026-01-12 01:13:30', '2026-04-09 02:59:36'),
(79, 1, 'cliteintro lesson', '', '', 'video', '\r\n                    <p>Write your lesson content here...</p>                ', 'http://localhost:8080/lms/videos/LM5M LO1.1.1.mp4', 0, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, 1, 0, NULL, NULL, 41, NULL, '2026-01-12 14:42:28', '2026-04-09 02:59:36'),
(81, 11, 'The fundamentals', '11-the-fundamentals', 'Good news', 'text', '\r\n                    \r\n                    \r\n                    \r\n                    \r\n                    \r\n                    \r\n                    <p><b><u><span>INVENTORY RECEIVING SKILLS</span></u></b></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Based on the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for General Receiving\r\nGoods at PAB, the skills required to perform these tasks can be categorized\r\ninto technical, administrative, and safety-related competencies. The following\r\nlist identifies the skills available and required for the various roles\r\nmentioned (Receiving Clerk, Storeman, Security, etc.) to achieve the objectives\r\nof the procedure.</span></p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\"><span>\r\n\r\n<hr size=\"2\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n</span></div>\r\n\r\n<span>\r\n\r\n<ol start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span>Technical Receiving &amp;\r\n     Inspection Skills</span></b></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n</span>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>These skills are essential for the\r\nphysical verification and quality control of incoming inventory:</span></p>\r\n\r\n<ol start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <ol start=\"1\" type=\"a\">\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span>Inventory\r\n      Inspection:</span></b><span> Ability to inspect goods for damages, conformance\r\n      to specifications, and compliance with quality thresholds<b></b></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span>Technical\r\n      Specification Review:</span></b><span> Capability to review technically specified\r\n      goods (like critical spares) against user requirements<b></b></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span>Product-Specific\r\n      Handling:</span></b><span> Specialized knowledge for handling and inspecting\r\n      bulk stock (coal, feed) and hazardous materials (chemicals)<b></b></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span>Temperature\r\n      Monitoring:</span></b><span> Skill in checking vehicle temperature history logs\r\n      and current product temperatures for temperature-controlled goods<b></b></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span>Sampling\r\n      &amp; Testing:</span></b><span> Ability to collect samples as directed by Quality\r\n      Assurance (QA) and weigh samples for bulk deliveries b<b></b></span></li>\r\n </ol>\r\n</ol><p><br></p>                                                                                                                ', '', 0, NULL, NULL, 1, 0, 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, '2026-01-12 23:35:48', '2026-01-13 00:15:11'),
(82, 11, 'Great news', 'great-news', '', 'video', 'clite mutale', 'http://localhost:8080/lms/videos/LM5M LO1.1.1.mp4', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', NULL, NULL, '2026-01-13 00:39:29', '2026-01-13 00:39:29'),
(83, 1, 'Mastering Goods Receiving', 'mastering-goods-receiving', '', 'video', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><u><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:Poppins\">INVENTORY RECEIVING SKILLS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">\r\n\r\n<hr size=\"2\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n</span></div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\nPoppins\">Based on the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for General Receiving\r\nGoods at PAB, the skills required to perform these tasks is categorized into\r\ntechnical, administrative, and safety-related competencies. The following list\r\nidentifies the skills available and required for the various roles mentioned\r\n(Receiving Clerk, Storeman, Security, etc.) to achieve the objectives of the\r\nprocedure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">\r\n\r\n<hr size=\"2\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n</span></div>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins;mso-fareast-font-family:\r\nCalibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:\r\nEN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA\">\r\n\r\n<ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;\">Technical Receiving &amp;\r\n     Inspection Skills<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n</span>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left:36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;\r\nline-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">These skills are essential for the\r\nphysical verification and quality control of incoming inventory:<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"a\">\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">Inventory\r\n      Inspection:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n      font-family:Poppins\"> Ability to inspect goods for damages, conformance\r\n      to specifications, and compliance with quality thresholds<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">Technical\r\n      Specification Review:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:\r\n      107%;font-family:Poppins\"> Capability to review technically specified\r\n      goods (like critical spares) against user requirements<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">Product-Specific\r\n      Handling:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n      font-family:Poppins\"> Specialized knowledge for handling and inspecting\r\n      bulk stock (coal, feed) and hazardous materials (chemicals)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">Temperature\r\n      Monitoring:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n      font-family:Poppins\"> Skill in checking vehicle temperature history logs\r\n      and current product temperatures for temperature-controlled goods<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">Sampling\r\n      &amp; Testing:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n      font-family:Poppins\"> Ability to collect samples as directed by Quality\r\n      Assurance (QA) and weigh samples for bulk deliveries<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>\r\n </ol>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">\r\n\r\n<hr size=\"2\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n</span></div>', 'http://localhost:8080/lms/videos/Mastering_Goods_Receiving.mp4', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 41, 22, '2026-01-13 01:48:43', '2026-04-09 02:59:36'),
(84, 1, 'Define supply chain management', 'define-supply-chain-management', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><u><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:Poppins\">INVENTORY RECEIVING SKILLS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\nPoppins\">Based on the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for General Receiving\r\nGoods at PAB, the skills required to perform these tasks can be categorized\r\ninto technical, administrative, and safety-related competencies. The following\r\nlist identifies the skills available and required for the various roles\r\nmentioned (Receiving Clerk, Storeman, Security, etc.) to achieve the objectives\r\nof the procedure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">\r\n\r\n<hr size=\"2\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n</span></div>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins;mso-fareast-font-family:\r\nCalibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:\r\nEN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA\">\r\n\r\n<ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;\">Technical Receiving &amp;\r\n     Inspection Skills<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n</span>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left:36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;\r\nline-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">These skills are essential for the\r\nphysical verification and quality control of incoming inventory:<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"a\">\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">Inventory\r\n      Inspection:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n      font-family:Poppins\"> Ability to inspect goods for damages, conformance\r\n      to specifications, and compliance with quality thresholds<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">Technical\r\n      Specification Review:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:\r\n      107%;font-family:Poppins\"> Capability to review technically specified\r\n      goods (like critical spares) against user requirements<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">Product-Specific\r\n      Handling:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n      font-family:Poppins\"> Specialized knowledge for handling and inspecting\r\n      bulk stock (coal, feed) and hazardous materials (chemicals)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">Temperature\r\n      Monitoring:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n      font-family:Poppins\"> Skill in checking vehicle temperature history logs\r\n      and current product temperatures for temperature-controlled goods<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Poppins\">Sampling\r\n      &amp; Testing:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n      font-family:Poppins\"> Ability to collect samples as directed by Quality\r\n      Assurance (QA) and weigh samples for bulk deliveries<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>\r\n </ol>\r\n</ol>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 46, 26, '2026-01-13 01:52:31', '2026-04-09 02:59:36'),
(85, 1, 'Logistics', 'logistics', '', 'video', 'logistics', 'https://vimeo.com/1088628453/956563a8ad?fl=ip&fe=ec', 0, '', '', 2, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 46, 26, '2026-01-13 01:59:46', '2026-04-09 02:59:36'),
(86, 1, 'Clite reviews', 'clite-reviews', '', 'assignment', 'assignement', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 46, 26, '2026-01-13 02:09:10', '2026-04-09 02:59:36'),
(94, 14, 'What is the purpose', 'what-is-the-purpose', '', 'text', '<p data-path-to-node=\"0\">I will modify the <code data-path-to-node=\"0\" data-index-in-node=\"18\">index.php</code> file to adjust the CSS and HTML structure of the header. The changes will focus on the <code data-path-to-node=\"0\" data-index-in-node=\"115\">.navbar-brand</code> and <code data-path-to-node=\"0\" data-index-in-node=\"133\">.logo-container</code> classes to allow the logo to expand horizontally across the container\'s width while maintaining its aspect ratio and proper alignment.</p><p data-path-to-node=\"1\">I\'ve updated the styles to ensure the logo stretches from the left to the right of its&nbsp;</p>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[\"Learning the issuing of goods the production\"]', 68, 38, '2026-04-11 09:27:56', '2026-04-11 09:27:56'),
(95, 14, 'inventory management skills', '-ntroduction-to-arehouse-perations', 'A solid understanding of inventory management fundamentals is the foundation of every effective stores operation', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm;background:#EBF5FB\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt;\r\ncolor:#2E86AB\">Inventory Management Skills</span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt;line-height:125%\"><i><span style=\"color:#404040\">A solid understanding of inventory management\r\nfundamentals is the foundation of every effective stores operation. Staff must\r\nbe able to classify, document, and control stock at all times.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Stock categories:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Understand the different inventory classifications used\r\nat Central Stores — raw materials, consumables, chemicals, spare parts,\r\nPPE, and non-stock items — and know how each category is handled, stored, and\r\nrecorded.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">FIFO (First In, First\r\nOut):</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Items received first must be\r\nissued first. This prevents older stock from sitting at the back and becoming\r\nexpired or obsolete. Physically rotate stock on shelves and racks each time new\r\ndeliveries arrive.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">FEFO (First Expired,\r\nFirst Out):</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Applied specifically to\r\nconsumables, chemicals, food items, and pharmaceuticals. Always check expiry\r\ndates on receipt and ensure short-dated items are positioned at the front for\r\nearliest issue.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Documentation of stock\r\nmovements:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Every goods receipt, issue,\r\nreturn, and adjustment must be captured on the correct source document — GRN\r\n(Goods Received Note), Stores Issue Voucher, or Adjustment Form — before the\r\ntransaction is entered into the system.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Transaction timing:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Do not batch-capture transactions at the end of the day.\r\nEach movement must be captured at the point of transaction to keep system\r\nbalances current and reliable.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Stock categorisation for\r\nreporting:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Understand how items are\r\ngrouped for GRI and management reporting purposes, including by value tier\r\n(high/medium/low) and by usage frequency (fast/slow/non-moving).</span><o:p></o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 59, 45, '2026-04-11 11:25:46', '2026-05-09 12:53:48'),
(96, 14, 'Inventory storage, retrieval, and dispatch', '-eceiving-and-nspection-rocedures', 'Best practices for receiving goods and quality checks.', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt;\r\ncolor:#2E86AB\">&nbsp;Inventory Storage,\r\nRetrieval, and Dispatch</span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt;line-height:125%\"><i><span style=\"color:#404040\">The physical layout and organisation of the warehouse\r\ndirectly impact efficiency, safety, and accuracy. Staff must understand and\r\nconsistently apply correct storage, retrieval, and dispatch procedures.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Bin location system:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Every item in the warehouse must have a fixed, labelled\r\nbin location. Staff must know how to read bin codes and locate items quickly\r\nwithout guesswork or searching.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Racking and shelving:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Use approved racking systems only. Do not overload\r\nshelves — observe maximum weight limits. Heavy items must be stored at low\r\nlevels; lighter items at higher levels.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Labelling standards:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Each bin or shelf position must carry a label showing\r\nitem code, description, and unit of measure. Labels must be legible and\r\nreplaced immediately if damaged or faded.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Zoning principles:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Organise the warehouse by product category — chemicals\r\nin designated locked bays, PPE in a separate zone, fast-moving consumables near\r\nthe dispatch counter. Never mix incompatible products in the same storage area.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Retrieval accuracy:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> When picking items for issue, verify the item code,\r\ndescription, batch number, and quantity against the requisition before leaving\r\nthe bin location. A wrong pick costs time and creates stock discrepancies.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Dispatch checklist:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Before releasing goods, confirm: (1) the requisition is\r\nauthorised, (2) quantities match, (3) items are in acceptable condition, (4)\r\nthe system has been updated, and (5) the recipient has signed the issue\r\nvoucher.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Temperature-sensitive\r\nitems:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Ensure items requiring cool\r\nstorage (e.g., certain chemicals or biological inputs) are stored in the\r\ndesignated refrigerated or temperature-controlled area and are never left at\r\nambient temperature for longer than specified.</span><o:p></o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 2, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 59, 46, '2026-04-11 11:25:46', '2026-05-13 01:16:40');
INSERT INTO `course_lessons` (`id`, `course_id`, `title`, `slug`, `description`, `lesson_type`, `content`, `video_url`, `video_duration`, `attachment_url`, `attachment_name`, `sort_order`, `is_preview`, `is_required`, `estimated_time`, `prerequisites`, `learning_objectives`, `module_id`, `topic_id`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(97, 14, 'Performance Metrics and KPIs', '-torage-trategies-and-ayouts', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm;background:#EBF5FB\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt;\r\ncolor:#2E86AB\">Performance Metrics and\r\nKPIs</span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt;line-height:125%\"><i><span style=\"color:#404040\">Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) allow management and\r\nstaff to measure how well the stores function is performing against set\r\ntargets. All stores staff must understand the metrics they are accountable for.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Order fill rate:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> The percentage of requisitions fulfilled completely and\r\non time from stock on hand. A low fill rate signals stockouts or poor ordering.\r\nTarget: ≥95% for critical items.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Stock accuracy rate:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> The percentage match between physical stock counts and\r\nsystem records. Discrepancies must be investigated and corrected immediately.\r\nTarget: ≥98% accuracy at all times.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Stock turnover ratio:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Measures how many times inventory is used and\r\nreplenished within a period. A low turnover may indicate overstocking or\r\nslow-moving items that require management attention.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Days on hand:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> The number of days of supply remaining for each item\r\nbased on current stock and usage rate. This metric drives reorder decisions.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Goods receipt turnaround\r\ntime:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> The time elapsed from delivery to\r\nsystem capture and physical shelving. Target: same-day capture for all\r\nreceipts.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Variance reporting:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Any KPI that falls outside the acceptable range must be\r\ndocumented on a KPI Variance Report and submitted to the Stores Manager with a\r\nroot-cause explanation and corrective action plan.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Weekly reporting:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Staff responsible for data capture must contribute to\r\nthe weekly Stores Performance Report, ensuring figures are accurate and\r\nsubmitted on time.</span><o:p></o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 3, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 59, 47, '2026-04-11 11:25:46', '2026-05-13 01:22:02'),
(98, 14, 'Quality Standards for Inventory', '-uality-tandards-for-nventory', 'Understanding quality standards including pest control.', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Quality Standards for Inventory (Pest Control)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">This\r\nlesson establishes the foundational frameworks required to maintain inventory\r\nintegrity, focusing heavily on the prevention and management of pest threats\r\nwithin the warehouse environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\"><b>1.1\r\nUnderstanding Quality Standards: Definition and Importance</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Quality\r\nstandards in inventory management are the documented benchmarks, rules, and\r\nspecifications agreed upon by stakeholders to ensure products meet safety,\r\nconsistency, and customer satisfaction requirements. Implementing robust\r\nstandards is critical for several reasons:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul style=\"margin-top:0cm\" type=\"disc\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Consumer\r\n     Safety: Prevents contamination of food, pharmaceuticals, or sensitive\r\n     goods by pests or environmental hazards.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Regulatory\r\n     Compliance: Ensures the warehouse operates within local and international\r\n     laws, avoiding fines or shutdowns.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Brand\r\n     Reputation: Consistent quality builds trust; failures (like finding pests\r\n     in a product) can destroy brand equity overnight.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Cost\r\n     Reduction: Prevents the financial loss associated with writing off damaged\r\n     stock and recalling contaminated products.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n</ul><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\"><b>1.2\r\nGlobal Framework Reference Table</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Different\r\nindustries utilize specific frameworks to structure their quality management\r\nsystems (QMS). Below is a reference table for the most common standards\r\nrelevant to inventory quality.<o:p></o:p></span></p><table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"617\" style=\"width: 462.7pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <thead>\r\n  <tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:24.2pt\">\r\n   <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-width: 1pt; border-color: windowtext; border-image: initial; background: rgb(247, 247, 247); padding: 0cm 0cm 6.85pt; height: 24.2pt;\">\r\n   <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;\r\n   color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Standard</span><span style=\"font-family:\r\n   &quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n   </td>\r\n   <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;\r\n   mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n   background:#F7F7F7;padding:0cm 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:24.2pt\">\r\n   <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;\r\n   color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Full Name</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n   </td>\r\n   <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;\r\n   mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n   background:#F7F7F7;padding:0cm 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:24.2pt\">\r\n   <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;\r\n   color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Primary Focus</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n   </td>\r\n   <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;\r\n   mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n   background:#F7F7F7;padding:0cm 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:24.2pt\">\r\n   <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;\r\n   color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Relevance to Inventory</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n   </td>\r\n  </tr>\r\n </thead>\r\n <tbody><tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:1;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">ISO\r\n  9001<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;\r\n  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">International\r\n  Organization for Standardization 9001<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;\r\n  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">General\r\n  Quality Management<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;\r\n  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Defines\r\n  criteria for a process-oriented QMS, ensuring consistent quality control in\r\n  warehousing operations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:2;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">HACCP<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;\r\n  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Hazard\r\n  Analysis Critical Control Point<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;\r\n  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Food\r\n  Safety<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;\r\n  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Systematic\r\n  preventive approach to food safety from biological, chemical, and physical\r\n  hazards in production processes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:3;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">GMP<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;\r\n  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Good\r\n  Manufacturing Practice<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;\r\n  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Manufacturing/Hygiene<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;\r\n  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Ensures\r\n  products are consistently produced and controlled according to quality\r\n  standards; heavily impacts storage hygiene.<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:4;height:57.1pt\">\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:57.1pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">BRCGS<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;\r\n  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:57.1pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Brand\r\n  Reputation Compliance Global Standards<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;\r\n  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:57.1pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Food\r\n  Safety &amp; Culture<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;\r\n  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:57.1pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">A\r\n  globally recognized standard for food safety, often a requirement for\r\n  suppliers to major retailers. Includes specific warehousing and distribution\r\n  sections.<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">AIB<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;\r\n  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">American\r\n  Institute of Baking<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;\r\n  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Food\r\n  Safety &amp; Inspection<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;\r\n  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:6.85pt 0cm 6.85pt 0cm;height:40.95pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Provides\r\n  rigorous inspections and standards for food facilities, focusing heavily on\r\n  pest control and sanitation in storage areas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\"><b>1.3\r\nIdentification of Pest Threats</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Effective\r\npest control begins with identifying the enemy. Understanding what conditions\r\nattract pests is the first step in prevention.<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul style=\"margin-top:0cm\" type=\"disc\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\"><b>Common\r\n     Pest Types:</b><o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <ul style=\"margin-top:0cm\" type=\"circle\">\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo2;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Rodents\r\n      (Rats &amp; Mice): Cause structural damage and contaminate stock with\r\n      droppings and urine.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo2;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Stored\r\n      Product Insects (SPIs): Beetles, weevils, and moths that infest grains,\r\n      flour, and dried goods.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo2;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Crawling\r\n      Insects: Cockroaches and ants, often attracted to spillage and waste\r\n      areas.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo2;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Flying\r\n      Insects: Flies that can transfer pathogens from waste areas to stock.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n </ul>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\"><b>Attraction\r\n     Factors:</b><o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <ul style=\"margin-top:0cm\" type=\"circle\">\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo2;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Food\r\n      Sources: Unsealed packaging, spillage, and loose debris.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo2;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Harborage:\r\n      Cluttered storage areas, voids behind racking, and undisturbed pallet\r\n      stacks.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo2;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Moisture:\r\n      Leaking pipes, condensation, or poor drainage.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo2;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Temperature:\r\n      Warm zones near machinery or poorly insulated walls provide breeding\r\n      grounds.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n </ul>\r\n</ul><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\"><b>1.4\r\nThe Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Model</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">IPM\r\nis a strategic, comprehensive approach to pest control that focuses on\r\nlong-term prevention through a combination of techniques rather than relying\r\nsolely on pesticides. The model consists of six stages:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Inspection:\r\n     Regular audits of the facility to identify signs of pest activity\r\n     (droppings, gnaw marks, damage).<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Identification:\r\n     Correctly identifying the pest species to determine the most effective\r\n     control method.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Sanitation:\r\n     Removing the food, water, and shelter sources that pests need to survive\r\n     (e.g., cleaning spills immediately).<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Exclusion:\r\n     Physically preventing pests from entering the facility (sealing cracks,\r\n     installing door sweeps, air curtains).<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Restriction:\r\n     Limiting pest movement if they enter (using traps, bait stations, and\r\n     insect light traps).<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Chemical\r\n     Control: The judicious use of pesticides only when necessary and as a last\r\n     resort, applied by licensed professionals.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n</ol><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\"><b>1.5\r\nSanitation and Chemical Control Guidance</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><ul style=\"margin-top:0cm\" type=\"disc\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo4;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Sanitation:\r\n     This is the cornerstone of IPM. Warehouses must implement a \"Clean as\r\n     You Go\" policy. Special attention must be paid to hidden areas like\r\n     under pallets, behind racking legs, and in drain traps.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo4;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Chemical\r\n     Control: When chemical intervention is required:<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <ul style=\"margin-top:0cm\" type=\"circle\">\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo4;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Use\r\n      only approved chemicals that do not contaminate inventory (especially in\r\n      food/pharma environments).<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo4;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Maintain\r\n      a \"Chemical Register\" listing all substances used.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo4;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Ensure\r\n      all application is documented with date, location, chemical used, and\r\n      target pest.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n </ul>\r\n</ul><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\"><b>1.6\r\nStaff Roles and Documentation</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Pest\r\ncontrol is a collective responsibility.<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul style=\"margin-top:0cm\" type=\"disc\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo5;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Staff\r\n     Roles:<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <ul style=\"margin-top:0cm\" type=\"circle\">\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Warehouse\r\n      Staff: Report sightings immediately, keep workstations clean, ensure\r\n      doors are closed.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Hygiene\r\n      Officers: Conduct daily sanitation checks and monitor bait stations.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Pest\r\n      Control Operator (PCO): External expert who conducts monthly treatments\r\n      and provides trend analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n </ul>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo5;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Documentation\r\n     Checklist:<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <ul style=\"margin-top:0cm\" type=\"circle\">\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Service\r\n      reports from the PCO.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Floor\r\n      plan showing location of all traps and bait stations.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">\"Sightings\r\n      Log\" for employee reports.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Material\r\n      Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all chemicals used.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n  <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;\r\n      tab-stops:list 72.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">Corrective\r\n      action reports for any infestations found.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n </ul>\r\n</ul><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif\">&nbsp;</span></p>', '', 0, '', '', 4, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 60, 32, '2026-04-11 11:25:46', '2026-05-13 01:05:54'),
(99, 14, 'Quality Control Processes', '-uality-ontrol-rocesses', 'Implementing effective quality control processes.', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm;background:#EBF5FB\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt;\r\ncolor:#2E86AB\">Quality Control\r\nProcesses</span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt;line-height:125%\"><i><span style=\"color:#404040\">Quality control begins at the point of receiving and\r\ncontinues throughout the item\'s time in stock. Staff must apply a disciplined,\r\nconsistent inspection process to every delivery.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Goods receipt inspection\r\n— Step 1 (Documentation check):</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Before\r\nunloading, verify that the delivery note matches the purchase order in terms of\r\nsupplier name, order number, item codes, and quantities. Do not accept a\r\ndelivery without a valid purchase order.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Goods receipt inspection\r\n— Step 2 (Physical inspection):</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Examine\r\nevery carton, drum, bag, or unit for signs of damage, leakage, contamination,\r\ntampering, or incorrect labelling. Count all items received and compare against\r\ndelivery note.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Goods receipt inspection\r\n— Step 3 (Expiry date check):</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Record the\r\nexpiry date or manufacturing date of every batch received. Reject any items\r\nthat are already expired or that will expire before they are likely to be used,\r\nin line with PAB\'s minimum acceptable shelf-life policy.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Non-conforming goods\r\nprocedure:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> If a delivery fails\r\ninspection, do not shelve the goods. Quarantine them in the designated\r\nnon-conforming area, label them clearly as \'REJECTED — DO NOT USE\', and raise a\r\nNon-Conformance Report (NCR) for the Stores Manager\'s review.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Supplier quality\r\nnotification:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> The Stores Manager must\r\nnotify the supplier in writing of any rejected delivery, specifying the reason\r\nand requesting a replacement or credit note within the agreed timeframe.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Internal quality alerts:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> If quality issues are found in stock already on the\r\nshelf (e.g., deterioration discovered after shelving), immediately quarantine\r\nthe affected batch, notify the Stores Manager, and halt issuance of that item\r\npending investigation.</span><o:p></o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 5, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 60, 33, '2026-04-11 11:25:46', '2026-05-13 01:29:45'),
(100, 14, 'Inspection and Monitoring', '-nspection-and-onitoring', 'Regular inspection and monitoring techniques.', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm;background:#EBF5FB\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt;\r\ncolor:#2E86AB\">Inspection and\r\nMonitoring</span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt;line-height:125%\"><i><span style=\"color:#404040\">Continuous inspection and monitoring of stored inventory\r\nis what separates a reactive stores operation from a proactive one. Regular\r\nchecks prevent small issues from becoming costly problems.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Routine visual\r\ninspection frequency:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Conduct a full\r\nvisual inspection of all storage areas at least once per week, in addition to\r\ndaily walk-throughs. Record the date, inspector\'s name, and findings in the\r\nInspection Register.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">What to look for during\r\ninspections:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Swollen or leaking\r\ncontainers; rust, corrosion, or degradation of packaging; moisture on shelves\r\nor floors; unusual odours; signs of pest activity; items stored in incorrect\r\nlocations; unlabelled or illegibly labelled stock.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Temperature and humidity\r\nmonitoring:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> For temperature-sensitive\r\nstorage areas (e.g., chemical cold rooms, food storage), record temperature and\r\nhumidity readings at the same time each day. Flag readings that fall outside\r\nacceptable ranges and report to the SM immediately.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Shelf life monitoring:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Each week, scan for items approaching their expiry date\r\nwithin the next 30 days. Generate or manually compile a \'Near-Expiry Alert\r\nList\' and share with the Stores Manager for decision-making on prioritised\r\nissuance or disposal.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Escalation protocol:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> If any inspection finding represents a risk to product\r\nintegrity, staff safety, or regulatory compliance, it must be escalated\r\nverbally to the Stores Manager on the same day and confirmed in writing (email\r\nor written report) by the following morning.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Record retention:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> All inspection forms, temperature logs, and quality\r\nregisters must be retained for a minimum of 12 months and made available for\r\ninternal or external audit upon request.</span><o:p></o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 6, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 60, 34, '2026-04-11 11:25:46', '2026-05-13 01:30:56');
INSERT INTO `course_lessons` (`id`, `course_id`, `title`, `slug`, `description`, `lesson_type`, `content`, `video_url`, `video_duration`, `attachment_url`, `attachment_name`, `sort_order`, `is_preview`, `is_required`, `estimated_time`, `prerequisites`, `learning_objectives`, `module_id`, `topic_id`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(101, 14, 'Inventory Shelf Life Management', '-nventory-helf-ife-anagement', 'Managing perishable and time-sensitive inventory.', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm;background:#EBF5FB\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt;\r\ncolor:#2E86AB\">Management of Inventory Shelf Life</span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt;line-height:125%\"><i><span style=\"color:#404040\">Effective shelf-life management protects PAB from\r\nfinancial losses due to expired stock and ensures that only fit-for-purpose\r\nitems are issued to operations.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Date labelling on\r\nreceipt:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Every item received must be\r\nlabelled with its expiry date (or best-before date) immediately upon shelving.\r\nUse a standardised label format — do not rely on the manufacturer\'s packaging\r\nalone, as it may be obscured or damaged.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">FEFO application:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> When issuing items, always pick from the oldest batch\r\nfirst (earliest expiry date). Physically arrange stock so that older stock is\r\nat the front of the shelf and newer stock is placed behind it.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Minimum acceptable shelf\r\nlife:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> PAB\'s policy requires that items\r\naccepted into stores must have a minimum remaining shelf life of [insert policy\r\nperiod, e.g., 6 months] at the time of receipt. Items with less than this\r\nremaining life may only be accepted with Stores Manager approval.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Near-expiry management:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Items with less than 30 days to expiry must be flagged\r\non the near-expiry list, issued as a priority, or escalated to management for a\r\ndecision on disposal or return to supplier.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Expired stock procedure:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> No expired item may be issued under any circumstances.\r\nExpired stock must be immediately quarantined, labelled \'EXPIRED — DO NOT USE\',\r\nand reported to the Stores Manager for write-off processing in line with the\r\nSOP for Writing Off Inventory.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Disposal of expired\r\nstock:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Disposal must follow PAB\'s waste\r\nmanagement policy, particularly for chemicals and biological materials.\r\nDisposal must be documented, and the written-off quantity must be removed from\r\nthe system with appropriate authorisation before physical disposal.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt\"><br></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt;color:#2E75B6\">Expected\r\nOutcomes</span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:468.0pt;border:none white 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:none white 0cm;background:#E8F5E9;padding:6.0pt 10.0pt 6.0pt 10.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:#1B5E20\">✅&nbsp; Reduction in expired, damaged, or\r\n  substandard inventory. Improved supplier accountability and stores hygiene.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>', '', 0, '', '', 7, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 60, 35, '2026-04-11 11:25:46', '2026-05-13 01:32:44'),
(102, 14, 'Standard Receiving Procedures', '-tandard-eceiving-rocedures', 'Standard operating procedures for receiving goods.', 'text', '<p>The standard receiving process includes:</p><ul><li>Pre-receiving preparation</li><li>Unloading procedures</li><li>Documentation</li><li>Inventory entry</li></ul>', NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, 8, 0, 1, 30, NULL, NULL, 68, 37, '2026-04-11 11:25:46', '2026-04-11 11:25:46'),
(103, 14, 'Standard Issuing Procedures', '-tandard-ssuing-rocedures', 'Standard operating procedures for issuing goods.', 'text', '<p>Proper issuing ensures accuracy:</p><ul><li>Order verification</li><li>Pick and pack procedures</li><li>Documentation</li><li>Dispatch procedures</li></ul>', NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, 9, 0, 1, 30, NULL, NULL, 68, 39, '2026-04-11 11:25:46', '2026-04-11 11:25:46'),
(104, 14, 'Storage Space Planning', '-torage-pace-lanning', 'Planning and organizing storage space.', 'text', '<p>Effective space planning maximizes efficiency:</p><ul><li>Capacity planning</li><li>Zone designation</li><li>Aisle management</li><li>Overflow handling</li></ul>', NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, 10, 0, 1, 30, NULL, NULL, 68, 40, '2026-04-11 11:25:46', '2026-04-11 11:25:46'),
(105, 14, 'Fuel Management Procedures', '-uel-anagement-rocedures', 'Standard procedures for fuel inventory management.', 'text', '<p>Fuel management best practices:</p><ul><li>Inventory tracking</li><li>Security measures</li><li>Environmental compliance</li><li>Safety protocols</li></ul>', NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, 11, 0, 1, 30, NULL, NULL, 68, 41, '2026-04-11 11:25:46', '2026-04-11 11:25:46'),
(106, 14, 'Inventory Write-Off Procedures', '-nventory-rite-ff-rocedures', 'Procedures for writing off inventory.', 'text', '<p>Proper write-off procedures:</p><ul><li>Authorization requirements</li><li>Documentation</li><li>Financial implications</li><li>Audit trail</li></ul>', NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, 12, 0, 1, 30, NULL, NULL, 68, 42, '2026-04-11 11:25:46', '2026-04-11 11:25:46'),
(107, 14, 'Purpose and Importance of SOPs', '-urpose-and-mportance-of-s', 'Why standard operating procedures matter.', 'text', '<p>Standard Operating Procedures are essential for:</p><ul><li>Consistency</li><li>Compliance</li><li>Training</li><li>Accountability</li></ul>', NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, 13, 0, 1, 30, NULL, NULL, 69, 36, '2026-04-11 11:25:46', '2026-04-11 11:25:46'),
(110, 15, 'welcome to cips', 'welcome-to-cips', 'Good cips studies', 'text', 'we love the supply chain management', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', NULL, 48, '2026-04-15 13:19:27', '2026-04-15 13:19:27'),
(111, 15, 'lean new concept', 'lean-new-concept', 'read and write', 'video', 'lean new concepts', 'http://localhost/lms/uploads/videos/video_1776262303_537d6876.mp4', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 75, 48, '2026-04-15 14:11:43', '2026-04-19 13:59:50'),
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(113, 16, '1.1.1 The differences between leadership and management', '1-1-1-the-differences-between-leadership-and-management', '', 'text', '<h2><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"><b>Defining Leadership and Management</b></span></h2>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Leadership and management are often used interchangeably, but\r\nthey are fundamentally different. A leader is someone who not only leads but\r\nhas followers. The concept has evolved over centuries from Confucius (who\r\ninsisted leaders be virtuous) through to modern thinkers.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1A6B8A\">Strategic Leadership: </span></b>The\r\nability to make and communicate decisions that enhance long-term organisational\r\nsuccess while maintaining financial stability<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1A6B8A\">Ethical Leadership: </span></b>Respect\r\nfor ethical beliefs, values, and the dignity and rights of others; leading by\r\nexample with honesty, fairness, and consideration<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1A6B8A\">Manager: </span></b>An\r\nindividual responsible for day-to-day operations, ensuring activities are\r\ncompleted as planned; manages tasks and has people working for them<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(208, 234, 240); padding: 5pt 10pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n  2.0pt;margin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:#1A6B8A\">📌\r\n  KEY POINT: </span></b><i><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">A leader sets the strategy and the managers ensure it is\r\n  implemented. The most effective managers have leadership qualities. As\r\n  Drucker says: \'Management is about doing things right; leadership is about\r\n  doing the right things.\'</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">Key Differences: Leaders vs.\r\nManagers</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(31, 45, 110); padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Leaders</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#1F2D6E;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Managers</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">About leading — leaders have followers</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Have people who work for them</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Concentrate on people</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Concentrate on tasks, systems, structures</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Focus on innovation</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Focus on administering</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Inspiring trust</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Controlling people</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Have a long-term view</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Have a short-term view</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Communicate overall vision</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Manage short-term operational plans</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">Management Styles</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(31, 45, 110); padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Style</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#1F2D6E;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Characteristics</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Directive/Autocratic/Coercive</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Manager dictates; \'do as I say\'; full control; useful in crises</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Authoritative/Visionary</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Shares long-term vision; motivates through persuasion; most\r\n  effective</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Affiliative/People-Focused</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">People over tasks; harmony focus; can lead to complacency</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Participative/Democratic</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Consensus-driven; encourages participation; good for\r\n  brainstorming</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Coaching/Developmental</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Develops strengths; improves weaknesses; requires expert managers</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(208, 234, 240); padding: 5pt 10pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n  2.0pt;margin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:#1A6B8A\">📌\r\n  KEY POINT: </span></b><i><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">There is no single best management style. Strong, successful\r\n  managers adapt their style to suit the situation, the people, and the\r\n  organisation.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 1, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 77, 50, '2026-05-11 23:36:19', '2026-05-12 14:48:04'),
(114, 16, '1.1.2 The role of a leader and the activity of leadership', '1-1-2-the-role-of-a-leader-and-the-activity-of-leadership', '', 'text', '<div style=\"mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #1A6B8A 1.0pt;\r\nmso-border-bottom-alt:solid #1A6B8A .5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm\">\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #1A6B8A .5pt;padding:0cm;\r\nmso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm\">Leaders play multiple critical roles in organisations. Key\r\nroles include creating and communicating vision, inspiring trust,\r\ndecision-making, mentoring, effective communication, challenging employees to\r\ninnovate, and building positive momentum.</h3></div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">Vision vs. Mission</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1A6B8A\">Vision: </span></b>The \'what\'\r\nand \'where\' — what the organisation needs to be in order to be successful in\r\nthe future<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1A6B8A\">Mission Statement: </span></b>Directs\r\nthe organisation and is shared with all members to ensure awareness of the\r\nintended direction for the business<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">Key Leadership Activities</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Decision-making — creative process considering all\r\nviewpoints; effective leaders can make decisions under pressure<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Mentoring — helping less-experienced individuals\r\n(mentees) develop skills, knowledge and behaviours<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Effective communication — conveying vision, mission and\r\nperformance expectations clearly<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Challenging employees to innovate — pushing people to\r\nthink creatively and grow professionally<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Building positive momentum — fostering positive culture\r\nthat increases productivity and long-term growth<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">Differences Between Coaching\r\nand Mentoring</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(31, 45, 110); padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Coaching</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#1F2D6E;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Mentoring</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Focus on task</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Focus on progress/development</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Usually short-term</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Usually longer-term</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Explicit, structured feedback</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Intuitive feedback</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Develops specific skills</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Develops broader capabilities</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Driven by the coach</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Driven by the mentee</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Shows where you went wrong</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Helps you work it out yourself</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">The Role of the CPO (Chief\r\nProcurement Officer)</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Procurement leadership requires a unique combination of skills\r\nbeyond general leadership. Key CPO roles include leading procurement of the\r\norganisation, influencing stakeholders, managing cross-functional teams, public\r\nrelations and diffusing supply chain situations, identifying supply chain\r\nproblems, planning solutions in advance, and applying analytical and technical\r\nskills.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(208, 234, 240); padding: 5pt 10pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n  2.0pt;margin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:#1A6B8A\">📌\r\n  KEY POINT: </span></b><i><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Procurement is not a back-office function. It is a strategic\r\n  function with a vital role in the overall organisation.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>', '', 0, '', '', 2, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 77, 50, '2026-05-11 23:39:04', '2026-05-13 00:04:52');
INSERT INTO `course_lessons` (`id`, `course_id`, `title`, `slug`, `description`, `lesson_type`, `content`, `video_url`, `video_duration`, `attachment_url`, `attachment_name`, `sort_order`, `is_preview`, `is_required`, `estimated_time`, `prerequisites`, `learning_objectives`, `module_id`, `topic_id`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(115, 16, '1.1.3 The importance of leadership', '1-1-3-the-importance-of-leadership', '', 'text', '<div style=\"mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #1A6B8A 1.0pt;\r\nmso-border-bottom-alt:solid #1A6B8A .5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm\">\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #1A6B8A .5pt;padding:0cm;\r\nmso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm\">Leadership is critically important because leaders help\r\norganisations achieve business goals and increase productivity by inspiring\r\nboth internal and external stakeholders to have trust in the business.\r\nEffective leaders establish confidence and trust, enabling employees to realise\r\ntheir true potential.</h3></div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">Qualities of a Good Leader</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Commitment and passion<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Inspiring others<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Effective communication<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Honesty and integrity<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Creative and innovative thinking<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Decisive decision-making<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Accountability and responsibility<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Empathy and compassion<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(208, 234, 240); padding: 5pt 10pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n  2.0pt;margin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:#1A6B8A\">📌\r\n  KEY POINT: </span></b><i><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Leadership in procurement is particularly important as\r\n  procurement is now perceived by many organisations as a strategic function.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>', '', 0, '', '', 3, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 77, 50, '2026-05-11 23:40:25', '2026-05-13 00:23:15'),
(116, 16, '1.2.1 The qualities or traits approach to leadership', '1-2-1-the-qualities-or-traits-approach-to-leadership', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">The traits approach assumes that successful leaders have\r\ncertain inherent qualities that produce consistent behaviour patterns — leaders\r\nare born, not made. American psychologist Stogdill (1948) challenged this\r\napproach, identifying too many qualities to form a consistent framework. Key\r\nqualities identified include: decisiveness, adaptability, persistence,\r\nself-confidence, dependability, and ambition.</p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">The Big 5 Personality Model\r\n(OCEAN)</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(31, 45, 110); padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Factor</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#1F2D6E;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Description</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Openness</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Curiosity, creativity, new experiences, imagination</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Conscientiousness</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Organisation,\r\n  goal-orientation, reliability, detail focus</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Extroversion</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Sociability, assertiveness, emotional expressiveness</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Agreeableness</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Trust, kindness, cooperation, affection</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Neuroticism</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Emotional instability, moodiness, anxiety (low = emotionally\r\n  stable)</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">Key Traits for Procurement\r\nProfessionals</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(31, 45, 110); padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Trait</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#1F2D6E;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Application\r\n  in Procurement</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Confidence</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Ability to bring in expert talent, mentor and coach without\r\n  feeling threatened</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Adaptability/Flexibility</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Respond to economic changes, risks, regulations, mergers and\r\n  acquisitions</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Effective Communicator</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Build trust-based relationships with stakeholders and suppliers</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Objectivity</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Focus on total value, not just cost; understand financial makeup\r\n  of suppliers</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Ongoing Learning</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Learn from experience and mistakes to drive continuous\r\n  improvement</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Sharing Knowledge</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Share information across the organisation and the profession</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(208, 234, 240); padding: 5pt 10pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n  2.0pt;margin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:#1A6B8A\">📌\r\n  KEY POINT: </span></b><i><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Trait approach limitation: research found no consistent set of\r\n  attributes that reliably identify leaders. Successful leaders seem to defy\r\n  classification from this perspective alone.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n</div>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 77, 51, '2026-05-11 23:44:22', '2026-05-13 00:29:26'),
(117, 16, '1.2.2  The functional or group approach, including action-centred leadership', '1-2-2-the-functional-or-group-approach-including-action-centred-leadership', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Unlike the traits approach, the functional approach perceives\r\nleadership as something that can be learned and developed. Leadership does not\r\nrest with one person — any member of the group can perform appropriate\r\nbehaviour and assume leadership. The emphasis is on HOW the task is being led\r\nrather than WHO the leader is.</p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">Adair\'s Action-Centred\r\nLeadership Model (1973)</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Adair\'s model concentrates on three inter-related areas that\r\nmust be balanced:<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Task — achieving completion of the task and overcoming\r\nchallenges<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Team — managing the group, building cohesion,\r\nmaintaining collective direction<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Individual — managing each person\'s psychological and\r\nphysical needs<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(208, 234, 240); padding: 5pt 10pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n  2.0pt;margin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:#1A6B8A\">📌\r\n  KEY POINT: </span></b><i><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Balancing Adair\'s three areas — task, team and individual — is\r\n  vital to ensuring successful achievement of the task.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">Blake and Mouton\'s Managerial\r\nGrid (1964)</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Identifies 5 leadership styles based on two dimensions:\r\nconcern for production vs. concern for people:<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Country Club — high people focus, low task focus;\r\nfriendly but results-poor<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Impoverished — low concern for both people and task<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Middle-of-the-Road — equal but insufficient focus on\r\nboth<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Produce-or-Perish — high task, low people; motivates\r\nthrough threats<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Team Style — high on both; collaborative; most\r\neffective for skilled teams<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">McGregor\'s Theory X and Theory\r\nY</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(31, 45, 110); padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Theory</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#1F2D6E;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Assumptions</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Theory X</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Employees dislike work, avoid responsibility, need direction and\r\n  control, motivated only by rewards/threats</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Theory Y</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Work is natural; employees are self-motivated; creativity is\r\n  widespread; rewards tied to achievement</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(208, 234, 240); padding: 5pt 10pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n  2.0pt;margin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:#1A6B8A\">📌\r\n  KEY POINT: </span></b><i><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Theory X means employees work FOR the leader. Theory Y means\r\n  employees work WITH the leader.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 2, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 77, 51, '2026-05-11 23:45:34', '2026-05-13 00:30:15'),
(118, 16, '1.2.3 Styles of leadership: authoritarian, autocratic, distributed, democratic and laissez-faire', '1-2-3-styles-of-leadership-authoritarian-autocratic-distributed-democratic-and-laissez-faire', '', 'text', '<div style=\"mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #1A6B8A 1.0pt;\r\nmso-border-bottom-alt:solid #1A6B8A .5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm\">\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #1A6B8A .5pt;padding:0cm;\r\nmso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm\">Leadership style refers to the methods used by an individual\r\nto manage a group and solve problems. Different from traits (personality\r\ncharacteristics). Effective leaders use combinations of styles appropriate to\r\nthe situation.</h3></div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">Leadership Styles</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(31, 45, 110); padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Style</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#1F2D6E;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Key\r\n  Characteristics</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Authoritarian</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Uses rules, regulations, penalties to motivate; directs without\r\n  question; clear lines of authority</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Autocratic</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Motivates through fear; \'do as I say\'; makes all decisions;\r\n  minimises input from others</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Distributed</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Leadership spread across members; individuals at all levels can\r\n  lead</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Democratic/Participative</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Encourages participation in decision-making; good listeners; seek\r\n  consensus</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Laissez-Faire</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Leaves team members to use own initiative; minimal direction;\r\n  relies on self-motivation</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n</div>', '', 0, '', '', 3, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 77, 51, '2026-05-11 23:46:43', '2026-05-13 00:32:08'),
(119, 16, '1.2.4 Contingency theories for leadership, such as path goal theory', '1-2-4-contingency-theories-for-leadership-such-as-path-goal-theory', '', 'text', '<div style=\"mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #1A6B8A 1.0pt;\r\nmso-border-bottom-alt:solid #1A6B8A .5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm\">\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #1A6B8A .5pt;padding:0cm;\r\nmso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm\">Contingency theories argue that no single leadership style\r\nworks in all situations. The effectiveness of a leadership style depends on the\r\ncontext.</h3></div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1A6B8A\">Path-Goal Theory: </span></b>Leaders\r\ncan motivate followers by clarifying the path to goals, removing obstacles, and\r\nmatching their style to the needs and situation of followers<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Four leadership behaviours in Path-Goal Theory:<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Directive — structures tasks, gives specific guidance<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Supportive — focuses on employee well-being and\r\nrelationships<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Participative — involves employees in decision-making<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Achievement-oriented — sets high standards and\r\nencourages excellence<o:p></o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 4, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 77, 51, '2026-05-11 23:47:54', '2026-05-13 00:33:04');
INSERT INTO `course_lessons` (`id`, `course_id`, `title`, `slug`, `description`, `lesson_type`, `content`, `video_url`, `video_duration`, `attachment_url`, `attachment_name`, `sort_order`, `is_preview`, `is_required`, `estimated_time`, `prerequisites`, `learning_objectives`, `module_id`, `topic_id`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(120, 16, '1.2.5 Situational leadership', '1-2-5-situational-leadership', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><br></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Developed by Hersey and Blanchard (1977). The leader adapts\r\ntheir style based on the readiness/maturity of their followers.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">Follower Readiness Levels</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(31, 45, 110); padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Level</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#1F2D6E;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Characteristics</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">R1</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Unable, unwilling — lacks knowledge, experience, and confidence</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">R2</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Unable, but willing — lacks knowledge but is motivated to try</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">R3</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Able, but insecure — has skill but lacks confidence to work alone</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">R4</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Able, willing, and confident — experienced, capable, and\r\n  self-directed</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">Matched Leadership Styles</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(31, 45, 110); padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Style</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#1F2D6E;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Description</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">S1 Telling</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">High task, low relationship — precise direction; matches R1</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">S2 Selling</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">High task, high relationship — persuades and sells ideas; matches\r\n  R2</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">S3 Participating</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Low task, high relationship — empowers and encourages; matches R3</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">S4 Delegating</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Low task, low relationship — full autonomy; matches R4</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 5, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 77, 51, '2026-05-11 23:49:15', '2026-05-13 00:34:28'),
(121, 16, '1.2.6 Transformational and inspirational leadership', '1-2-6-transformational-and-inspirational-leadership', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Transformational leaders inspire followers to transcend their\r\nown self-interest for the good of the organisation. They motivate through\r\ninspiration, charisma, and a compelling vision.</p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">Characteristics of\r\nTransformational Leaders</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Charismatic — inspire through personal magnetism and\r\nvision<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Inspirational — communicate a compelling future state<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Intellectually stimulating — encourage creativity and\r\nchallenge assumptions<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Individually considerate — recognise and develop each\r\nfollower<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(208, 234, 240); padding: 5pt 10pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n  2.0pt;margin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:#1A6B8A\">📌\r\n  KEY POINT: </span></b><i><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Richard Branson (Virgin) is often cited as a transformational\r\n  leader — visionary, charismatic, and inspiring. Bill Gates (Microsoft)\r\n  demonstrates a more functional approach, focusing on completing tasks while\r\n  enabling team responsibility.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n</div>', '', 0, '', '', 6, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 77, 51, '2026-05-11 23:50:30', '2026-05-13 00:36:00'),
(122, 16, '1.2.7 The forces in deciding the type of leadership', '1-2-7-the-forces-in-deciding-the-type-of-leadership', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Tannenbaum and Schmidt identified key forces that influence\r\nwhich leadership style to adopt:</p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Forces in the manager — personality, values, confidence\r\nin subordinates<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Forces in the subordinate — readiness, independence,\r\nexpertise, expectations<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Forces in the situation — organisational culture, task\r\nurgency, complexity<o:p></o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 7, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 77, 51, '2026-05-11 23:52:23', '2026-05-13 00:37:24'),
(123, 16, '1.2.8 The continuum of leadership behaviour', '1-2-8-the-continuum-of-leadership-behaviour', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\">Tannenbaum and Schmidt\'s continuum ranges from autocratic (boss-centred)\r\nto democratic (subordinate-centred) leadership. Effective leaders move along\r\nthis continuum depending on the situation. At one end, the manager makes the\r\ndecision and announces it; at the other, the team defines and decides within\r\nagreed limits set by the leader</span></p>', '', 0, '', '', 8, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 77, 51, '2026-05-11 23:53:53', '2026-05-13 00:40:34'),
(124, 16, '2.1.1 Communicating and implementing a vision of improved procurement and supply chain management', '2-1-1-communicating-and-implementing-a-vision-of-improved-procurement-and-supply-chain-management', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Successful procurement leaders must be able to communicate a\r\ncompelling vision of improved procurement and supply chain management.\r\nLeadership is fundamentally about clearly communicating the overall vision to\r\nall stakeholders and securing their support.</p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Translate strategic vision into actionable goals for\r\nteams<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Communicate the value of procurement to internal and\r\nexternal stakeholders<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Ensure all employees understand how their roles\r\ncontribute to the vision<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Create narratives that inspire commitment and drive\r\nperformance<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(208, 234, 240); padding: 5pt 10pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n  2.0pt;margin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:#1A6B8A\">📌\r\n  KEY POINT: </span></b><i><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Procurement leaders must communicate not just WHAT needs to be\r\n  done, but WHY it matters to the organisation as a whole.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 78, 52, '2026-05-12 05:22:21', '2026-05-13 00:44:02'),
(125, 16, '2.1.2 Influencing and leading supply chain stakeholders:  senior management, subordinates, other functions, and external stakeholders', '2-2-2-leadership-techniques-that-recognise-the-value-of-individuals-and-their-contribution-to-the-procurement-and-supply-chain-function', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Procurement leaders must manage in multiple directions —\r\nupward, downward, sideways, and externally — to secure the cooperation\r\nnecessary for successful outcomes.</p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">Cialdini\'s Six Principles of\r\nInfluence</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(31, 45, 110); padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Principle</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#1F2D6E;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Description\r\n  for Procurement Leaders</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Reciprocation</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Returning a favour for a favour — build relationships through\r\n  goodwill</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Commitment &amp; Consistency</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Desire to appear consistent with past decisions or promises</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Social Proof</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Peer pressure — others\' agreement influences individual decisions</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Authority</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Agreement based on title, position or perceived expertise</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Liking</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">People agree more readily with those they like and respect</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Scarcity</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Perceived limited availability increases perceived value</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n</div>', '', 0, '', '', 2, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 78, 52, '2026-05-12 05:23:53', '2026-05-13 00:46:44');
INSERT INTO `course_lessons` (`id`, `course_id`, `title`, `slug`, `description`, `lesson_type`, `content`, `video_url`, `video_duration`, `attachment_url`, `attachment_name`, `sort_order`, `is_preview`, `is_required`, `estimated_time`, `prerequisites`, `learning_objectives`, `module_id`, `topic_id`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(126, 16, '2.1.3    A range of influencing styles for cross-functional leadership, both within and outside the bounds of formal teams', '2-2-3-management-by-objectives-and-establishing-key-performance-indicators-kpis', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p>Cross-functional teams bring together specialists from\r\ndifferent departments working toward a common goal. Procurement leaders must\r\ninfluence people over whom they have no formal authority.</p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">Belbin\'s Team Roles</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(31, 45, 110); padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Role</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#1F2D6E;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:white\">Contribution</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Resource Investigator</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Explores opportunities; develops contacts; outgoing</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Teamworker</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Cooperative, diplomatic; prevents friction; listens</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Coordinator</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Clarifies goals; delegates effectively; confident</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Plant</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Creative; generates ideas; solves difficult problems</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Monitor Evaluator</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Sober; strategic; sees all options accurately</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Specialist</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Single-minded; dedicated; provides specialist knowledge</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Shaper</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Dynamic; thrives under pressure; overcomes obstacles</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Implementer</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;border-right:solid #C0CEDE 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #C0CEDE .25pt;background:#F2F4F8;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Practical; efficient; turns ideas into action</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Completer Finisher</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(192, 206, 222) rgb(192, 206, 222) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">Painstaking; searches out errors; polishes and perfects</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#1F2D6E\">Tips for Influencing Across\r\nFunctions</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Cultivate relationships — invest time in colleagues\r\nfrom other departments<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Create a sense of belonging — involve others early in\r\nprojects<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Understand different goals and pressures — production,\r\nsales, finance priorities differ<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Recognise different approaches to work — some need\r\nframeworks, others prefer freedom<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Use negotiation — avoid coercive tactics; find mutually\r\nbeneficial solutions<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n3.0pt;margin-left:22.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Influence the right people — get powerful stakeholders\r\non side early<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(192, 206, 222); border-image: initial; background: rgb(208, 234, 240); padding: 5pt 10pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n  2.0pt;margin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:#1A6B8A\">📌\r\n  KEY POINT: </span></b><i><span style=\"font-size:9.5pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">No single leadership approach is best for cross-functional\r\n  influence. It depends on the circumstances, culture, and individuals in the\r\n  group.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 3, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 78, 52, '2026-05-12 12:03:02', '2026-05-13 00:48:41'),
(127, 14, 'Warehouse Repair and Maintenance (R&M)', 'warehouse-repair-and-maintenance-r-m', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p><b><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt;\r\ncolor:#2E86AB\">Warehouse Repair and\r\nMaintenance (R&amp;M)</span></b></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt;line-height:125%\"><i><span style=\"color:#404040\">The condition of the physical warehouse environment\r\ndirectly affects the safety of staff and the integrity of stored goods.\r\nProactive maintenance reporting is every team member\'s responsibility.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Daily inspection:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> At the start of each shift, conduct a visual inspection\r\nof the stores area — check for leaks, pest activity, damaged racking,\r\ninadequate lighting, or unsafe conditions. Record findings in the daily\r\ninspection log.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Defect reporting:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Any defect — whether a leaking roof, broken shelf,\r\nfaulty lock, or pest sighting — must be reported to the Stores Manager on the\r\nsame day using the Maintenance Request Form.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Escalation process:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> If a defect poses an immediate safety risk (e.g.,\r\nstructural racking failure, chemical spill, electrical fault), the area must be\r\ncordoned off immediately and the Stores Manager notified by phone — do not wait\r\nfor the end of shift.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Pest and rodent control:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Follow the pest control schedule agreed with the\r\ncontracted pest control supplier. Monitor bait stations weekly and record\r\nfindings. Do not use unauthorised pest control products inside the stores.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Fire safety equipment:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Check that fire extinguishers, fire blankets, and\r\nemergency signage are in place and unobstructed during every daily inspection.\r\nReport any missing or expired equipment immediately.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Housekeeping standards:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> The stores area must be kept clean, dry, and free of\r\nunnecessary clutter at all times. Aisles must remain clear and passable.\r\nConduct a thorough housekeeping sweep at the end of every shift.</span><o:p></o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 59, 54, '2026-05-13 01:24:25', '2026-05-13 01:24:25'),
(128, 14, 'Techniques for Monitoring Stock Levels', 'techniques-for-monitoring-stock-levels', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm;background:#EBF5FB\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt;\r\ncolor:#2E86AB\">.&nbsp; Techniques for\r\nMonitoring Stock Levels</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt;line-height:125%\"><i><span style=\"color:#404040\">Knowing what stock is on hand at any moment is a core\r\ncompetency for every stores team member. Multiple tools and methods are used to\r\nmaintain this visibility.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Bin cards:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> A bin card is a physical record kept at each storage\r\nlocation showing every receipt, issue, and balance for the item stored there.\r\nBin cards must be updated at the time of every transaction — never\r\nretrospectively.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">ERP system balances:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> The ERP (or Sage) system holds the authoritative digital\r\nrecord of stock balances. Staff must know how to query current on-hand\r\nquantities, view transaction history, and identify discrepancies between the\r\nsystem and physical counts.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Manual stock count\r\nsheets:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> For areas or items not yet fully\r\nintegrated into the ERP, maintain manual count sheets. These must be signed by\r\nthe counter, verified by a second person, and submitted to the Stores\r\nController for system updating.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Two-bin system (for\r\nfast-moving consumables):</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Where\r\napplicable, a two-bin system is used — when the first bin is emptied, a reorder\r\nis triggered automatically, and the second bin supplies demand until\r\nrestocking. Staff must understand which items use this system and how to\r\nmaintain it.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Minimum/maximum stock\r\nindicators:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Each item in the system has\r\na minimum stock level (the reorder point) and a maximum stock level (the\r\nceiling). When a balance drops to the minimum, a purchase request must be\r\nraised without delay.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Daily stock-check\r\ndiscipline:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> For critical operational\r\nitems (e.g., PPE, frequently used chemicals), conduct a daily visual check to\r\nconfirm sufficient stock is available for the next 24–48 hours of operations.\r\nReport any imminent shortfalls to the SM immediately.</span><o:p></o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 61, 55, '2026-05-13 12:27:36', '2026-05-13 12:27:36'),
(129, 14, 'Reorder Points and Safety Stocks', 'reorder-points-and-safety-stocks', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm;background:#EBF5FB\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt;\r\ncolor:#2E86AB\">Reorder Points and Safety Stocks</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt;line-height:125%\"><i><span style=\"color:#404040\">Reorder points and safety stocks are the early-warning\r\nmechanisms that prevent stock-outs. Staff must understand how these thresholds\r\nare set and when to act on them.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Definition of reorder\r\npoint:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> The reorder point is the stock\r\nlevel at which a new purchase order must be raised. It is calculated based on\r\naverage daily usage and the supplier\'s lead time, so that new stock arrives\r\nbefore the current stock runs out.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Definition of safety\r\nstock:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Safety stock is the buffer\r\nquantity held above the reorder point to protect against unexpected demand\r\nspikes or supplier delays. It is the \'insurance\' stock and should not be\r\nconsumed during normal operations.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">How reorder points are\r\nset:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> The Stores Manager sets reorder\r\npoints in consultation with operations and the procurement team, based on\r\nhistorical usage data, supplier reliability, and the criticality of each item.\r\nStaff must not change reorder points without SM approval.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Triggering a purchase\r\nrequest:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> When a stock balance in the ERP\r\nreaches or falls below the reorder point, the Stores Controller must raise a\r\npurchase request on the same day. The request must specify item code,\r\ndescription, quantity, preferred supplier, and urgency level.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Escalating critical\r\nshortages:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> If stock falls below the\r\nsafety stock level, this must be immediately escalated to the Stores Manager\r\nand the relevant operational department head. A critical shortage may require\r\nemergency procurement authorisation.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Reviewing and updating\r\nreorder points:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Reorder points must be\r\nreviewed quarterly — or when demand patterns change significantly — to ensure\r\nthey remain accurate. Staff who notice a pattern of frequent stock-outs or\r\nchronic overstock should raise this with the SM for reorder point adjustment.</span><o:p></o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 61, 56, '2026-05-13 12:29:16', '2026-05-13 12:29:16'),
(130, 14, 'Cycle Counting and Stocktaking', 'cycle-counting-and-stocktaking', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm;background:#EBF5FB\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt;\r\ncolor:#2E86AB\">Cycle Counting and Stocktaking</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt;line-height:125%\"><i><span style=\"color:#404040\">Regular physical counting of inventory is the most\r\nreliable way to verify that system records match reality. Cycle counting allows\r\nthis to happen continuously without a full operational shutdown.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">What is cycle counting:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Cycle counting involves physically counting a portion of\r\nthe total inventory on a regular, rotating schedule — for example, counting\r\n10–20% of SKUs each week so that the entire inventory is counted at least once\r\nper month or quarter.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Count schedule:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> The Stores Manager publishes a weekly cycle count\r\nschedule. Counts must be performed on the assigned day, by the assigned staff\r\nmember, without advance notice to other team members to preserve objectivity.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Counting procedure:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> The counter must not look at the system balance before\r\ncounting. Count the physical items independently, record the count on the count\r\nsheet, then compare with the system balance. Discrepancies of any value must be\r\ninvestigated before adjustment.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Full stocktake (annual):</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> In addition to cycle counts, a full physical stocktake\r\nis conducted at least once per year (typically at financial year-end). All\r\noperations pause, and every item in the warehouse is counted, verified, and\r\nsigned off by the Stores Manager and an independent witness.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Count accuracy\r\nrequirements:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> A count discrepancy of\r\nmore than 2% by value or more than 5 units (whichever is lower) on any single\r\nSKU must be escalated to the Stores Manager for investigation before any system\r\nadjustment is made.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Documentation:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> All cycle count sheets must be signed by the counter,\r\nretained for 12 months, and available for internal audit. They serve as\r\nevidence of inventory control diligence.</span><o:p></o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', NULL, 57, '2026-05-13 12:30:14', '2026-05-13 12:30:14'),
(131, 14, 'Reconciliation Procedures', 'reconciliation-procedures', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm;background:#EBF5FB\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt;\r\ncolor:#2E86AB\">Reconciliation Procedures</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt;line-height:125%\"><i><span style=\"color:#404040\">Reconciliation is the process of comparing physical stock\r\ncounts with system records and resolving any differences. It is a critical\r\ncontrol that protects PAB from undetected losses or data errors.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Step 1 — Compare:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> After each count, compare the physical count quantity\r\nagainst the ERP system balance for each SKU counted. Record both figures on the\r\nreconciliation sheet.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Step 2 — Identify\r\nvariances:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Any difference between the\r\nphysical count and the system balance is a variance. Calculate the variance\r\nvalue (quantity difference × unit cost) for each discrepancy.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Step 3 — Investigate:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> Before making any system adjustment, investigate the\r\ncause of each variance. Common causes include: uncaptured receipts or issues;\r\nitems moved without documentation; counting errors; theft; damage not yet\r\nrecorded. All findings must be documented.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Step 4 — Authorise\r\nadjustments:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> System adjustments to\r\ncorrect variances may only be made by the Stores Controller or Stores Manager.\r\nAdjustments must reference the reconciliation sheet and investigation findings.\r\nNo adjustment may be made without a written explanation.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Step 5 — Report to\r\nmanagement:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> A monthly Inventory\r\nReconciliation Report must be prepared by the Stores Controller, summarising:\r\ntotal variances found, values, root causes, and corrective actions taken. This\r\nreport is submitted to the Stores Manager and Accountant.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Corrective action\r\ntracking:</span></b><span style=\"color:#404040\"> For any recurring variance on\r\na particular SKU or in a particular storage area, a formal corrective action\r\nplan must be put in place and reviewed at the next monthly management meeting.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', NULL, 58, '2026-05-13 12:30:53', '2026-05-13 12:30:53');
INSERT INTO `course_lessons` (`id`, `course_id`, `title`, `slug`, `description`, `lesson_type`, `content`, `video_url`, `video_duration`, `attachment_url`, `attachment_name`, `sort_order`, `is_preview`, `is_required`, `estimated_time`, `prerequisites`, `learning_objectives`, `module_id`, `topic_id`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(132, 17, '1.1.1 Type of purchase such as new purchase, modified rebuy, straight rebuy', '1-1-1-type-of-purchase-such-as-new-purchase-modified-rebuy-straight-rebuy', '', 'text', '<h2 style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt\">1.1&nbsp;\r\nIntroduction: Why Write a Business Case?<o:p></o:p></h2>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Sourcing requirements from external suppliers commits an\r\norganisation to a cost and a liability. The cost reduces profitability (or\r\nconsumes budget in non-commercial organisations), and if not paid in cash it\r\ncreates a future liability. By sourcing from external suppliers, it is assumed\r\nthe purchase will create value above its cost. A formal business case exists to\r\nevaluate costs and benefits and to obtain senior management approval before\r\ncommitting to large purchases.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"173\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; background: rgb(192, 0, 0); padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;color:white\">Business\r\n  Case</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"451\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:338.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#FCE4D6;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">A justification for a proposed project or undertaking on the\r\n  basis of its investment and cost implications balanced against its expected\r\n  benefits.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt\">1.2&nbsp;\r\nTypes of Purchase (AC 1.1)<o:p></o:p></h2>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">When deciding to procure, a buyer faces three possible\r\nscenarios:<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:2.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; background: rgb(46, 117, 182); padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:white\">Purchase Type</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#2E75B6;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:white\">Description &amp; Examples</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#F2F2F2;padding:3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Straight\r\n  Rebuy</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;border-right:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;background:#F2F2F2;padding:3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Routine\r\n  repurchase of an identical item bought before. Existing supplier, agreed\r\n  specification, usually a call-off from a framework agreement. Examples: MRO\r\n  items, stationery, bulk raw materials.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 3pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Modified\r\n  Rebuy</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 3pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Similar\r\n  to a straight rebuy but with small changes — revised specification, volume,\r\n  price or supplier. Requires some problem-solving. Examples: components for\r\n  production, consulting with a new brief, software licence changes.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#F2F2F2;padding:3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">New\r\n  Purchase</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;border-right:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;background:#F2F2F2;padding:3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">A\r\n  completely new requirement not sourced before. Most effort required: defining\r\n  the business need, writing specs, market research, ITT, negotiation.\r\n  Characteristics: interdependent tasks, critical paths, high information need.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 79, 60, '2026-05-29 11:46:11', '2026-05-29 11:46:11'),
(133, 17, '1.2.1 Types of market data that can provide information on costs, prices and pricing strategies', '1-1-2-implications-of-the-business-needs-on-the-types-of-purchase', '', 'text', '<h2 style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt\">1.3&nbsp;\r\nImplications of Business Needs on Types of Purchase (AC 1.1 &amp; 1.2)<o:p></o:p></h2>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Business needs — driven by the corporate mission — determine\r\nwhat, how and from which markets procurement sources goods and services. The\r\nRAQSCI model provides a structured hierarchy of needs:<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:2.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; background: rgb(31, 78, 121); padding: 4pt 8pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:white\">The RAQSCI Model (in priority\r\n  order)</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:468.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#DEEAF1;padding:3.0pt 8.0pt 3.0pt 8.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">R —\r\n  Regulatory: Legal requirements and regulatory body obligations</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:468.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#DEEAF1;padding:3.0pt 8.0pt 3.0pt 8.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">A —\r\n  Assurance of Supply: Continuity of supply, capacity, financial stability</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:468.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#DEEAF1;padding:3.0pt 8.0pt 3.0pt 8.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Q —\r\n  Quality: Consistency, fitness for purpose, repeatability</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:468.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#DEEAF1;padding:3.0pt 8.0pt 3.0pt 8.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">S —\r\n  Service Requirements: Flexibility, availability, help desks</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:468.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#DEEAF1;padding:3.0pt 8.0pt 3.0pt 8.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">C —\r\n  Cost: Target costs, whole-life costs, benchmarked prices, continuous\r\n  improvement</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:468.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#DEEAF1;padding:3.0pt 8.0pt 3.0pt 8.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">I —\r\n  Innovation: Emerging technology, capability improvement, customer experience</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">The order in RAQSCI is crucial — it forces trade-offs. Cost is\r\nonly considered after regulatory, supply assurance, quality and service needs\r\nare satisfied.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"margin-bottom:3.0pt\">Implications by Purchase Type<o:p></o:p></h3>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; background: rgb(46, 117, 182); padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:white\">Type</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#2E75B6;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:white\">Business Need Implication</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#F2F2F2;padding:3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Straight\r\n  Rebuy</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;border-right:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;background:#F2F2F2;padding:3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Business\r\n  need already defined; specifications in place; routine purchase order raised.\r\n  Annual review of specifications recommended but not required every order\r\n  cycle.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 3pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Modified\r\n  Rebuy</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 3pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Valuable\r\n  to revisit business need. Create a sourcing strategy: define scope → assess\r\n  current spend → assess supply market → analyse total cost → identify\r\n  suppliers → develop strategy → decide route to market.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#F2F2F2;padding:3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">New\r\n  Purchase</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;border-right:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;background:#F2F2F2;padding:3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Cross-functional\r\n  involvement essential. Marketing, engineering, manufacturing and finance all\r\n  must contribute. Shares project characteristics: defined start/end dates,\r\n  interdependent tasks, critical path.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 79, 61, '2026-05-29 11:49:22', '2026-05-29 11:54:47'),
(134, 17, '1.2.2 Identification of direct and indirect costs', '1-1-2-implications-of-the-business-needs-on-the-types-of-purchase-1', '', 'text', '<h2 style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt\">1.3&nbsp;\r\nImplications of Business Needs on Types of Purchase (AC 1.1 &amp; 1.2)<o:p></o:p></h2>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Business needs — driven by the corporate mission — determine\r\nwhat, how and from which markets procurement sources goods and services. The\r\nRAQSCI model provides a structured hierarchy of needs:<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:2.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; background: rgb(31, 78, 121); padding: 4pt 8pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:white\">The RAQSCI Model (in priority\r\n  order)</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:468.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#DEEAF1;padding:3.0pt 8.0pt 3.0pt 8.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">R —\r\n  Regulatory: Legal requirements and regulatory body obligations</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:468.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#DEEAF1;padding:3.0pt 8.0pt 3.0pt 8.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">A —\r\n  Assurance of Supply: Continuity of supply, capacity, financial stability</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:468.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#DEEAF1;padding:3.0pt 8.0pt 3.0pt 8.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Q —\r\n  Quality: Consistency, fitness for purpose, repeatability</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:468.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#DEEAF1;padding:3.0pt 8.0pt 3.0pt 8.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">S —\r\n  Service Requirements: Flexibility, availability, help desks</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:468.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#DEEAF1;padding:3.0pt 8.0pt 3.0pt 8.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">C —\r\n  Cost: Target costs, whole-life costs, benchmarked prices, continuous\r\n  improvement</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:468.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#DEEAF1;padding:3.0pt 8.0pt 3.0pt 8.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">I —\r\n  Innovation: Emerging technology, capability improvement, customer experience</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">The order in RAQSCI is crucial — it forces trade-offs. Cost is\r\nonly considered after regulatory, supply assurance, quality and service needs\r\nare satisfied.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"margin-bottom:3.0pt\">Implications by Purchase Type<o:p></o:p></h3>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; background: rgb(46, 117, 182); padding: 4pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:white\">Type</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#2E75B6;padding:4.0pt 6.0pt 4.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:white\">Business Need Implication</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#F2F2F2;padding:3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Straight\r\n  Rebuy</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;border-right:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;background:#F2F2F2;padding:3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Business\r\n  need already defined; specifications in place; routine purchase order raised.\r\n  Annual review of specifications recommended but not required every order\r\n  cycle.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: currentcolor rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 3pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Modified\r\n  Rebuy</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: currentcolor rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204) currentcolor; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; padding: 3pt 6pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Valuable\r\n  to revisit business need. Create a sourcing strategy: define scope → assess\r\n  current spend → assess supply market → analyse total cost → identify\r\n  suppliers → develop strategy → decide route to market.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  background:#F2F2F2;padding:3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">New\r\n  Purchase</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td width=\"312\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;border-right:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:solid #CCCCCC .5pt;background:#F2F2F2;padding:3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext\">Cross-functional\r\n  involvement essential. Marketing, engineering, manufacturing and finance all\r\n  must contribute. Shares project characteristics: defined start/end dates,\r\n  interdependent tasks, critical path.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 2, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 79, 61, '2026-05-29 11:49:59', '2026-05-29 11:55:56'),
(135, 17, '1.1.2 Implications of the business needs on the types  of purchase', '1-1-2-implications-of-the-business-needs-on-the-types-of-purchase-2', '', 'text', 'jjgjg', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 79, 60, '2026-05-29 11:51:56', '2026-05-29 11:51:56'),
(136, 17, '1.1.3 Role of procurement in developing a business  case', '1-1-3-role-of-procurement-in-developing-a-business-case', '', 'text', 'hjjhjh', '', 0, '', '', 3, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 79, 60, '2026-05-29 11:52:44', '2026-05-29 11:52:44'),
(137, 17, '1.2.3 Producing estimated costs and prices', '1-2-3-producing-estimated-costs-and-prices', '', 'text', 'hh', '', 0, '', '', 3, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 79, 61, '2026-05-29 11:57:09', '2026-05-29 11:57:09'),
(138, 17, '1.2.4 Estimating the costs associated with whole-life  asset management', '1-2-4-estimating-the-costs-associated-with-whole-life-asset-management', '', 'text', 'rrg', '', 0, '', '', 4, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 79, 61, '2026-05-29 11:57:55', '2026-05-29 11:57:55'),
(139, 17, '1.3.1 Examples of criteria typically applied in the  development of a business case: costs, benefits,  options, competitor analysis, alignment with organisational needs, stakeholder requirements and timescales', '1-3-1-examples-of-criteria-typically-applied-in-the-development-of-a-business-case-costs-benefits-options-competitor-analysis-alignment-with-organisational-needs-stakeholder-requirements-and-timescales', '', 'text', 'kkk', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 79, 62, '2026-05-29 14:49:04', '2026-05-29 14:49:04'),
(140, 17, '1.4.1 The definition and purpose of financial modelling', '1-4-1-the-definition-and-purpose-of-financial-modelling', '', 'text', 'hh', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 79, 63, '2026-05-29 14:50:09', '2026-05-29 14:50:09'),
(141, 17, '1.4.2 Cost models and profiling of cash flows', '1-4-2-cost-models-and-profiling-of-cash-flows', '', 'text', 'jjjj', '', 0, '', '', 2, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 79, 63, '2026-05-29 14:51:11', '2026-05-29 14:51:11'),
(142, 17, '1.4.3 Control of budgets: ways to measure budget performance', '1-4-3-control-of-budgets-ways-to-measure-budget-performance', '', 'text', 'hhhhh', '', 0, '', '', 3, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 79, 63, '2026-05-29 14:52:09', '2026-05-29 14:52:09'),
(143, 17, '1.4.4 Approaches to budget variances', '1-4-4-approaches-to-budget-variances', '', 'text', 'jkk', '', 0, '', '', 4, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 79, 63, '2026-05-29 14:52:47', '2026-05-29 14:52:47'),
(144, 18, '1.1.1 Invitation to tender or request for quotation', '1-1-1-invitation-to-tender-or-request-for-quotation', '', 'text', 'HGHG', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 82, 71, '2026-05-29 23:05:18', '2026-05-29 23:05:18'),
(145, 18, '1.1.2 Specifications', '1-1-2-specifications', '', 'text', 'HHG', '', 0, '', '', 2, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 82, 71, '2026-05-29 23:06:14', '2026-05-29 23:07:38'),
(146, 18, '1.1.3 Key performance indicators (KPIs)', '1-1-3-key-performance-indicators-kpis', '', 'text', 'HHG', '', 0, '', '', 3, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 82, 71, '2026-05-29 23:07:09', '2026-05-29 23:07:09'),
(147, 18, '1.1.4 Contract documentation', '1-1-4-contract-documentation', '', 'text', 'HHG', '', 0, '', '', 4, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 82, 71, '2026-05-29 23:08:26', '2026-05-29 23:08:26'),
(148, 18, '1.1.5 Pricing and other schedules (such as for health  and safety records, details of supplier’s staff, use of sub-contractors, non-disclosure/confidentiality agreements)', '1-1-5-pricing-and-other-schedules-such-as-for-health-and-safety-records-details-of-supplier-s-staff-use-of-sub-contractors-non-disclosure-confidentiality-agreements', '', 'text', 'HHG', '', 0, '', '', 5, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 82, 71, '2026-05-29 23:09:22', '2026-05-29 23:09:22'),
(149, 3, '1.1.1 Definitions of procurement, supply chains, supply  chain management and supply chain networks', '1-1-1-definitions-of-procurement-supply-chains-supply-chain-management-and-supply-chain-networks', '', 'text', '<h3>People often use the terms procurement, purchasing, and supply\r\ninterchangeably — but they have distinct meanings. Purchasing is the act of\r\nphysically ordering and buying something; supply is the infrastructure which\r\nensures products or services get from the supplier to the customer. Without\r\nprocurement there would be no purchasing, and without purchasing there would be\r\nno supply.</h3>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#2E74B5\">Procurement: </span></b><i>A\r\nstrategic function encompassing obtaining goods or services, from identifying a\r\nneed through delivery. Includes added value, cost, inventory, logistics,\r\npurchasing, quality, and waste management.</i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#2E74B5\">Purchasing: </span></b><i>The\r\nact of physically ordering and buying goods or services.</i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#2E74B5\">Supply Chain: </span></b><i>A\r\nchannel of goods distribution beginning with the supplier of raw materials or\r\ncomponents, moving through an operational process to the distributor, retailer,\r\nand finally the consumer.</i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#2E74B5\">Supply Chain Management (SCM): </span></b><i>The\r\nactive management of supply chain activities to maximise customer value and\r\nachieve a sustainable competitive advantage — reducing costs, improving value\r\nand reducing risk.</i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#2E74B5\">Supply Chain Network (SCN): </span></b><i>An\r\nevolution of the basic supply chain which defines a more complex structure\r\ninvolving higher-level interdependence and connectivity, allowing two-way\r\nexchange of information and materials.</i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">A supply chain involves a network of individuals,\r\norganisations, technology, activities and resources to ensure goods or services\r\nflow along the chain. The three key sectors in a supply chain are:<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Primary sector — extracts natural resources (mining,\r\nagriculture, fishing)<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Secondary sector — manufactures and constructs\r\n(transforms raw materials into finished products)<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Tertiary sector — provides services (supports the\r\nproduction and distribution process)<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Supply chains consist of two key directions of flow:<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Upstream — the flow of raw materials, components and\r\nparts needed for production<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Downstream — the supply chain that the organisation\r\nfeeds into, from product to end user<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"602\" style=\"width: 451.3pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td valign=\"top\" style=\"border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(201, 168, 76); border-image: initial; background: rgb(255, 248, 231); padding: 5pt 7.5pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;color:#C9A84C\">💡\r\n  Key Point: </span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">In a supply chain network, goods flow ONE WAY (downstream),\r\n  whereas information flows TWO WAYS. There is only ever ONE consumer in a\r\n  supply chain — the end user.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 2, 79, '2026-05-30 03:44:31', '2026-05-30 03:54:29'),
(150, 3, '1.1.2 Compare the role and function of supply chain management with procurement', '1-1-2-compare-the-role-and-function-of-supply-chain-management-with-procurement', '', 'text', '<h3>Supply chain management and procurement are not the same\r\nthing, although they are deeply interlinked. Procurement is about obtaining\r\nproducts and services in response to a need, while a supply chain refers to the\r\ninfrastructure involved in physically getting products and services delivered.</h3>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Procurement activities include: preparing specifications,\r\nmonitoring quality, sourcing, buying, stock control, and disposal of waste.\r\nWithin procurement, the process is complete when the product or service has\r\nbeen delivered, checked, and paid for.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">The fundamental difference is that supply chain management\r\ncontinues until the end product reaches the consumer. Procurement may end long\r\nbefore that stage.<o:p></o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 2, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 2, 79, '2026-05-30 03:45:19', '2026-05-30 03:55:42'),
(151, 3, '1.1.3 Definition and function of supply chain tiering', '1-1-3-definition-and-function-of-supply-chain-tiering', '', 'text', '<h3><b><span style=\"color:#2E74B5\">Supply Chain Tiering: </span></b><i>The\r\nstructured ordering and organisation of suppliers so that organisations\r\ndownstream work with fewer suppliers upstream. The lower the tier number, the\r\ncloser to the buyer the supplier is.</i></h3>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">In a tiered supply chain:<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Tier 1 (T1) supplier — supplies directly to the buying\r\norganisation<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Tier 2 (T2) supplier — supplies to the Tier 1 supplier<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Tier 3 (T3) supplier — supplies to the Tier 2 supplier<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Benefits of tiering: concentrated development of fewer\r\nsuppliers; improved supplier relationship management; more resources allocated\r\nper supplier. Risks: less visibility of lower-tier suppliers; greater exposure\r\nto ethics, compliance and sustainability risks.<o:p></o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 3, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 2, 79, '2026-05-30 03:46:11', '2026-05-30 03:57:53'),
(152, 3, '1.1.4 Definition and issues related to complex supply  chains', '1-1-4-definition-and-issues-related-to-complex-supply-chains', '', 'text', '<h3>Complex supply chains feature multiple tiers of suppliers,\r\nglobal networks, and an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) at the top of the\r\nsupplier tier. For example, a car OEM relies on Tier 1 suppliers for major\r\ncomponents such as engines; Tier 1 suppliers rely on Tier 2 for sub-components;\r\nand so on.</h3>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#2E74B5\">OEM (Original Equipment\r\nManufacturer): </span></b><i>Generally perceived as the producer of own-branded\r\nparts or equipment sold to other manufacturers for production and retail.</i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Key issues in complex supply chains include:<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Ethical risks — modern slavery, child labour, poor\r\nworking conditions in lower tiers<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Compliance — ensuring all tiers meet applicable laws\r\nand standards<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Supply chain mapping — creating visual representations\r\nof activities, locations, resources and suppliers to identify risks and\r\nopportunities<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Supplier audits — conducted by the OEM on the entire\r\nsupply chain network periodically<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"602\" style=\"width: 451.3pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td valign=\"top\" style=\"border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(201, 168, 76); border-image: initial; background: rgb(255, 248, 231); padding: 5pt 7.5pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;color:#C9A84C\">💡\r\n  Key Point: </span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:\r\n  windowtext\">It is considered best practice to map your supply chain. Supply\r\n  chain mapping assists in combating modern slavery and other unethical\r\n  practices by providing visibility across all tiers.</span><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 4, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 2, 79, '2026-05-30 03:46:58', '2026-05-30 04:00:07');
INSERT INTO `course_lessons` (`id`, `course_id`, `title`, `slug`, `description`, `lesson_type`, `content`, `video_url`, `video_duration`, `attachment_url`, `attachment_name`, `sort_order`, `is_preview`, `is_required`, `estimated_time`, `prerequisites`, `learning_objectives`, `module_id`, `topic_id`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(153, 3, '1.1.5 Definitions of logistics and materials management', '1-1-5-definitions-of-logistics-and-materials-management', '', 'text', '<h3><b><span style=\"color:#2E74B5\">Logistics: </span></b><i>The\r\nprocess of planning, implementing, and controlling procedures for the efficient\r\nand effective transportation and storage of goods, including services and\r\nrelated information, from the point of origin to the point of consumption for\r\nthe purpose of conforming to customer requirements (CSCMP, 2013).</i></h3>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Logistics includes handling, packaging, inventory, warehousing\r\nand transportation. It can be:<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Internal logistics — processes related to turning raw\r\nmaterials into the end product (extraction, manufacturing, warehousing)<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->External logistics — distribution, transport, retail<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Key logistics management areas:<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Demand planning — understanding what products are\r\nneeded, from where, at what time, and where they need to go<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Fleet management — solutions for physically\r\ntransporting goods (own fleet or outsourced)<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Inventory management — knowing how much stock is\r\navailable<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Warehousing and storage — ensuring correct storage\r\nconditions and efficient layout<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Order fulfilment — ensuring orders are dispatched and\r\ndelivered correctly<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#2E74B5\">Materials Management: </span></b><i>Part\r\nof the supply chain, concerned with the flow of materials to, from, and inside\r\nmanufacturing/production units. Covers planning, handling, storage, inspection\r\nand issuing of raw materials, components and finished goods.</i><o:p></o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 5, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 2, 79, '2026-05-30 03:48:27', '2026-05-30 04:01:02'),
(154, 3, '1.1.6 Definitions of waste management and closed-loop recycling', '1-1-6-definitions-of-waste-management-and-closed-loop-recycling', '', 'text', '<h3><b><span style=\"color:#2E74B5\">Waste Management: </span></b><i>Strategies\r\norganisations use not only to dispose of waste but also to reduce, recycle and\r\nprevent it from occurring in the first place. A prominent feature at the\r\nend-of-life stages of asset management.</i></h3>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span style=\"color:#2E74B5\">Closed-Loop Recycling: </span></b><i>A\r\nrecycling process in which the waste or by-product of a process is fed back\r\ninto that same process — minimising the extraction of new raw materials and the\r\ngeneration of waste going to landfill.</i><o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\">Waste management regulations exist to protect human health,\r\nthe environment, rivers, air, land, wildlife, ancient monuments and scarce raw\r\nmaterials. Organisations have a duty of care to incorporate responsible waste\r\nmanagement strategies. Key regulations include:<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Battery Directive — regulation of manufacturing,\r\naccumulation and disposal of batteries<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Landfill Directive — regulation to reduce negative\r\neffects from waste put into landfill<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->Hazardous Waste Regulations — restricting movement and\r\nstorage of hazardous waste<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n2.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span><!--[endif]-->WEEE Directive (Waste Electrical and Electronic\r\nEquipment) — targets for recovery and recycling of electrical goods<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>', '', 0, '', '', 6, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 2, 79, '2026-05-30 03:49:24', '2026-05-30 04:03:26'),
(155, 20, '1.1.1 Who is to negotiate – team vs. individual –  advantages vs. disadvantages', '1-1-1-who-is-to-negotiate-team-vs-individual-advantages-vs-disadvantages', '', 'text', 'mgmg', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 91, 80, '2026-05-31 23:23:57', '2026-05-31 23:23:57'),
(156, 20, '1.1.2 The venue, intelligence gathering, clear objectives, strategy and tactics, rehearsal', '1-1-2-the-venue-intelligence-gathering-clear-objectives-strategy-and-tactics-rehearsal', '', 'text', 'hghg', '', 0, '', '', 2, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 91, 80, '2026-05-31 23:24:48', '2026-05-31 23:24:48'),
(157, 20, '1.1.3 Negotiation agenda – advantages vs.  disadvantages', '1-1-3-negotiation-agenda-advantages-vs-disadvantages', '', 'text', 'jghg', '', 0, '', '', 3, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 91, 80, '2026-05-31 23:25:32', '2026-05-31 23:25:32'),
(158, 20, '1.2.1 Specialist tools of negotiation', '1-2-1-specialist-tools-of-negotiation', '', 'text', 'mfmfmf', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 91, 81, '2026-05-31 23:32:06', '2026-05-31 23:32:06'),
(159, 20, '1.2.2 Framing an agenda', '1-2-2-framing-an-agenda', '', 'text', 'hhg', '', 0, '', '', 2, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 91, 81, '2026-05-31 23:32:51', '2026-05-31 23:32:51'),
(160, 20, '1.2.3 Questions to elicit information and apply  pressure', '1-2-3-questions-to-elicit-information-and-apply-pressure', '', 'text', 'hghg', '', 0, '', '', 3, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 91, 81, '2026-05-31 23:33:36', '2026-05-31 23:33:36'),
(161, 14, 'Accident Prevention', 'accident-prevention', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm;background:#EBF5FB\"><br></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt;line-height:125%\"><i><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#404040\">Accident prevention is not the responsibility\r\nof management alone — it is the shared responsibility of every person in the\r\nworkplace. Staff who proactively identify and report hazards are the most\r\nimportant defence against workplace injuries.</span></i><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Hazard\r\nidentification:</span></b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#404040\"> A hazard is\r\nanything with the potential to cause harm — a slippery floor, an unstable rack,\r\na chemical spill, a blocked fire exit, inadequate lighting, or a frayed\r\nelectrical cable. Train yourself to notice hazards as you move through the\r\nstores area, not just at the start of the day.</span><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Hazard\r\nreporting:</span></b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#404040\"> Every identified\r\nhazard must be reported to the Stores Manager using the Hazard Report Form on\r\nthe same day it is discovered. Do not assume someone else will report it.\r\nReported hazards must be assigned to a responsible person with a target\r\nresolution date.</span><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Safe\r\nlifting technique:</span></b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#404040\"> Many\r\nstores injuries result from incorrect manual handling. The correct lifting\r\nsequence is: assess the load (weight, shape, stability); position feet\r\nshoulder-width apart; bend the knees, keeping the back straight; grip the load\r\nfirmly; lift using the legs, not the back; keep the load close to the body;\r\nnever twist the torso while lifting — turn using the feet. Use trolleys, pallet\r\njacks, or mechanical aids for loads above the recommended manual handling\r\nlimit.</span><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Working\r\nat height:</span></b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#404040\"> Do not use\r\nunstable surfaces (overturned crates, chairs) to reach high shelves. Use only\r\napproved, rated stepladders. Three points of contact must be maintained at all\r\ntimes when on a ladder. Do not carry heavy items up a ladder — use a rope or a\r\ncolleague to hand items up.</span><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Forklift\r\nand pallet jack safety:</span></b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#404040\">\r\nPedestrians must give way to forklifts at all times. Never walk behind a\r\nreversing forklift. Pallet jacks must not be used at speeds that compromise\r\ncontrol. Loads must be stable and within capacity before moving.</span><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Housekeeping\r\nas accident prevention:</span></b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#404040\"> The\r\nsingle most effective accident prevention measure in a warehouse is good\r\nhousekeeping. Cluttered aisles, items on the floor, and spills left unattended\r\nare among the most common causes of trips, slips, and falls. Every staff member\r\nis responsible for immediately cleaning up any spill or obstruction they\r\nencounter, not just the designated cleaner.</span><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Near-miss\r\nreporting:</span></b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#404040\"> A near-miss is an\r\nincident that almost caused harm but did not — someone slipped but caught\r\nthemselves; a shelf was found overloaded but had not yet collapsed. Near-misses\r\nare gifts: they reveal hazards before injury occurs. Every near-miss must be\r\nreported, investigated, and acted upon.</span><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>', '', 0, '', '', 1, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 70, 87, '2026-06-04 01:08:02', '2026-06-04 01:08:02'),
(162, 14, 'Worker Health and Safety Protocols', 'worker-health-and-safety-protocols', '', 'text', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm;background:#EBF5FB\"><br></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt;line-height:125%\"><i><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#404040\">Every employee at PAB has a legal right to a\r\nsafe working environment and a responsibility to contribute to that safety.\r\nKnowing and following health and safety protocols is not optional — it is part\r\nof every job description.</span></i><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#1F4E79\">First\r\naid facilities:</span></b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#404040\"> Know the\r\nlocation of the nearest first aid kit relative to your work area. Know who the\r\ntrained first aiders are on your team. The first aid kit contents must be\r\nchecked monthly by the designated first aider and replenished promptly when\r\nitems are used.</span><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Emergency\r\nexits:</span></b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#404040\"> Know the locations of\r\nall emergency exits from the stores area. Emergency exits must be kept unlocked\r\nand unobstructed at all times during working hours. Any blocked or locked\r\nemergency exit must be reported immediately to the SM and the Building Manager.</span><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Fire\r\nequipment:</span></b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#404040\"> Know the location\r\nof every fire extinguisher, fire blanket, and fire hose reel in the stores\r\narea. Know which type of extinguisher to use on which type of fire: CO2\r\n(electrical fires); Dry Powder (chemical/flammable liquid fires); Water (paper,\r\nwood, fabric fires). Never use a water extinguisher on an electrical or\r\nchemical fire.</span><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Emergency\r\nevacuation procedure:</span></b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#404040\"> When\r\nthe fire alarm sounds or an evacuation instruction is given, stop work\r\nimmediately, do not attempt to collect personal belongings, and proceed via the\r\nnearest safe emergency exit to the designated assembly point. Account for all\r\nteam members at the assembly point and report to the SM or designated warden.</span><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Incident\r\nreporting:</span></b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#404040\"> All workplace\r\nincidents — injuries, near-misses, property damage, environmental incidents —\r\nmust be reported to the Stores Manager within 1 hour of occurrence. A written\r\nIncident Report must be completed before the end of the shift. Delayed\r\nreporting is a serious compliance failure.</span><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Right\r\nto refuse unsafe work:</span></b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#404040\"> Under\r\noccupational health and safety legislation, every worker has the right to\r\nrefuse work that poses an imminent, serious risk to their health or safety. If\r\nyou are asked to perform a task that you genuinely believe will cause serious\r\nharm, you have the right to refuse and must immediately inform your Stores\r\nManager, who is required to investigate and resolve the concern.</span><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:28.0pt;text-indent:-14.0pt;line-height:125%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">•<span style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-language-override: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#1F4E79\">Health\r\nsurveillance:</span></b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#404040\"> Staff who are\r\nregularly exposed to chemicals, dust, or noise at levels that could affect\r\ntheir health must participate in PAB\'s occupational health surveillance\r\nprogramme. This may include periodic health checks, lung function tests, or\r\nhearing tests. Participation is mandatory for staff in affected roles.</span><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:4.0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:5.0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0cm\"><b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"font-size:10.5pt;color:#2E75B6\">Expected\r\nOutcomes</span></b><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\" style=\"width: 468pt; border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: initial;\">\r\n <tbody><tr>\r\n  <td width=\"624\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:468.0pt;border:none white 1.0pt;\r\n  mso-border-alt:none white 0cm;background:#E8F5E9;padding:6.0pt 10.0pt 6.0pt 10.0pt\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN-ZW\" style=\"color:#1B5E20\">✅&nbsp; Zero Lost Time Injuries (LTIs) in the\r\n  stores area. A fully informed, safety-conscious team that actively manages\r\n  workplace risks, reports all hazards and incidents, and participates in\r\n  continuous safety improvement.</span><span lang=\"EN-ZW\"><o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:5.0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-ZW\">&nbsp;</span></p>', '', 0, '', '', 2, 0, 1, 30, '[]', '[]', 70, 88, '2026-06-04 01:11:04', '2026-06-04 01:11:04');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `course_lesson_progress`
--

CREATE TABLE `course_lesson_progress` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `enrollment_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `lesson_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `status` enum('not_started','in_progress','completed') DEFAULT 'not_started',
  `progress_percentage` decimal(5,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `time_spent` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `completed_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `last_accessed` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp(),
  `notes` text DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `course_lesson_progress`
--

INSERT INTO `course_lesson_progress` (`id`, `enrollment_id`, `lesson_id`, `status`, `progress_percentage`, `time_spent`, `completed_at`, `last_accessed`, `notes`) VALUES
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(8, 2, 8, 'in_progress', 100.00, 0, '2025-12-20 03:03:04', '2026-01-02 03:14:14', NULL),
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(422, 26, 154, 'in_progress', 0.00, 0, NULL, '2026-05-30 04:15:27', NULL);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `course_modules`
--

CREATE TABLE `course_modules` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `course_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `slug` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `description` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `sort_order` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `is_active` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
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(1, 1, 'Introduction', 'welcome to stores training', 'introduction', 1, 1, 5, '2025-11-25 00:56:38', '2025-11-25 00:56:38'),
(2, 3, '1.0  Understand and analyse the added value that can be achieved through procurement and supply chain management', 'True nature of business management', '', 1, 1, 30, '2025-11-25 11:16:06', '2026-05-30 03:40:54'),
(13, 9, '1.0 Understand and apply tools and techniques to measure and develop contract  performance in procurement and supply', '1-0-understand-and-apply-tools-and-techniques-to-measure-and-develop-contract-performance-in-procurement-and-supply', '', 1, 1, 30, '2025-12-18 06:56:16', '2025-12-18 06:56:16'),
(14, 9, '2.0 Understand and apply the concept of strategic sourcing', '2-0-understand-and-apply-the-concept-of-strategic-sourcing', '', 2, 1, 30, '2025-12-18 06:56:50', '2025-12-18 06:56:50'),
(15, 9, '3.0 Understand and apply financial techniques that affect supply chains', '3-0-understand-and-apply-financial-techniques-that-affect-supply-chains', '', 3, 1, 30, '2025-12-18 06:57:21', '2025-12-18 06:57:21'),
(16, 9, '4.0 Analyse and apply financial and performance measures that can affect the supply  chain', '4-0-analyse-and-apply-financial-and-performance-measures-that-can-affect-the-supply-chain', '', 4, 1, 30, '2025-12-18 06:57:58', '2025-12-18 06:57:58'),
(21, 10, 'Introduction', 'introduction', '', 1, 1, 0, '2026-01-09 06:40:03', '2026-01-09 06:40:03'),
(22, 10, 'Introduction', 'introduction-1', '', 1, 1, 0, '2026-01-09 06:47:20', '2026-01-09 06:47:20'),
(23, 10, 'Introduction', 'introduction-2', '', 1, 1, 0, '2026-01-09 07:00:08', '2026-01-09 07:00:08'),
(24, 10, 'Introduction', 'introduction-3', '', 1, 1, 0, '2026-01-09 12:01:37', '2026-01-09 12:01:37'),
(27, 1, 'Warehouse Management', '1-introduction', '', 2, 1, 0, '2026-01-10 01:28:19', '2026-04-09 01:41:42'),
(41, 11, 'Introduction', '11-introduction-1768137003', '', 1, 1, 0, '2026-01-11 13:10:03', '2026-01-11 13:10:03'),
(46, 11, 'Supply Management', '11-supply-management-1768269024', '', 2, 1, 0, '2026-01-13 01:50:24', '2026-01-13 01:50:50'),
(47, 12, 'introduction', '12-introduction-1774668222', '', 1, 1, 0, '2026-03-28 03:23:42', '2026-03-28 03:23:42'),
(48, 1, 'Inventory Quality Management', '1-inventory-quality-management-1775699116', '', 3, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 01:45:16', '2026-04-09 01:47:58'),
(49, 1, 'Inventory Control', '1-inventory-control-1775699152', '', 4, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 01:45:52', '2026-04-09 01:48:39'),
(50, 1, 'Inventory Optimization Techniques', '1-inventory-optimization-techniques-1775699196', '', 5, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 01:46:36', '2026-04-09 01:48:59'),
(51, 1, 'Inventory Data Management and Visualization', '1-inventory-data-management-and-visualization-1775699529', '', 6, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 01:52:09', '2026-04-09 01:52:09'),
(52, 1, 'Inventory Risk Management', '1-inventory-risk-management-1775699556', '', 7, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 01:52:36', '2026-04-09 01:52:36'),
(53, 1, 'Technology in Stores Management', '1-technology-in-stores-management-1775699590', '', 8, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 01:53:10', '2026-04-09 01:53:10'),
(54, 1, 'Safe Chemical Handling and Storage Management', '1-safe-chemical-handling-and-storage-management-1775699646', '', 9, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 01:54:06', '2026-04-09 01:54:06'),
(55, 1, 'Food Safety and Hygiene Management', '1-food-safety-and-hygiene-management-1775699680', '', 10, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 01:54:40', '2026-04-09 01:54:40'),
(56, 1, 'Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)', '1-standard-operating-procedures-sops-1775699705', '', 11, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 01:55:05', '2026-04-09 01:55:05'),
(57, 1, 'Sustainable Warehouse Management Practice', '1-sustainable-warehouse-management-practice-1775699731', '', 12, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 01:55:31', '2026-04-09 01:55:31'),
(58, 1, 'Environmental Health and Safety (EHS)', '1-environmental-health-and-safety-ehs-1775699751', '', 13, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 01:55:51', '2026-04-09 01:55:51'),
(59, 14, 'Warehouse Management', '14-warehouse-management-1775738644', 'To equip the Stores Team with the foundational knowledge and practical skills required to run an efficient, well-organised warehouse operation, meeting performance standards', 1, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 12:44:04', '2026-05-08 22:02:17'),
(60, 14, 'Inventory Quality Management', '14-inventory-quality-management-1775738670', '', 2, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 12:44:30', '2026-04-09 12:44:30'),
(61, 14, 'Inventory Control', '14-inventory-control-1775738696', '', 3, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 12:44:56', '2026-04-09 12:44:56'),
(62, 14, 'Inventory Optimization Techniques', '14-inventory-optimization-techniques-1775738734', '', 4, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 12:45:34', '2026-04-09 12:45:34'),
(63, 14, 'Inventory Data Management and Visualization', '14-inventory-data-management-and-visualization-1775738779', '', 5, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 12:46:19', '2026-04-09 12:46:19'),
(64, 14, 'Inventory Risk Management', '14-inventory-risk-management-1775738844', '', 7, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 12:47:24', '2026-04-09 12:47:24'),
(65, 14, 'Technology in Stores Management', '14-technology-in-stores-management-1775738869', '', 8, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 12:47:49', '2026-04-09 12:47:49'),
(66, 14, 'Safe Chemical Handling and Storage Management', '14-safe-chemical-handling-and-storage-management-1775738897', '', 9, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 12:48:17', '2026-04-09 12:48:17'),
(67, 14, 'Food Safety and Hygiene Management', '14-food-safety-and-hygiene-management-1775738921', '', 10, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 12:48:41', '2026-04-09 12:48:41'),
(68, 14, 'Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)', '14-standard-operating-procedures-sops-1775738952', '', 10, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 12:49:12', '2026-04-09 12:49:12'),
(69, 14, 'Sustainable Warehouse Management Practice', '14-sustainable-warehouse-management-practice-1775738986', '', 12, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 12:49:46', '2026-04-09 12:49:46'),
(70, 14, 'Environmental Health and Safety (EHS)', '14-environmental-health-and-safety-ehs-1775739018', '', 13, 1, 0, '2026-04-09 12:50:18', '2026-04-09 12:50:18'),
(72, 13, 'What', '13-what-1775895715', '', 1, 1, 0, '2026-04-11 08:21:56', '2026-04-11 08:21:56'),
(73, 13, 'who', '13-who-1775895735', '', 2, 1, 0, '2026-04-11 08:22:15', '2026-04-11 08:22:15'),
(74, 13, 'where', '13-where-1775895747', '', 3, 1, 0, '2026-04-11 08:22:27', '2026-04-11 08:22:27'),
(75, 15, 'intr', '15-intr-1776223857', '', 1, 1, 0, '2026-04-15 03:30:57', '2026-04-15 03:30:57'),
(76, 8, 'introduction', '8-introduction-1776269041', '', 1, 1, 0, '2026-04-15 16:04:01', '2026-04-15 16:04:01'),
(77, 16, '1.0        Understand and apply leadership skills and behaviours that are appropriate for strategically improving the procurement and supply chain function', '16-1-0-understand-and-apply-leadership-skills-and-behaviours-that-are-appropriate-for-strategically-improving-the-procurement-and-supply-chain-function-1778542284', '', 1, 1, 0, '2026-05-11 23:31:24', '2026-05-11 23:31:24'),
(78, 16, '2.0        Understand and apply communication planning techniques and analyse their influence on individuals  involved in the supply chain', '16-2-0-understand-and-apply-communication-planning-techniques-and-analyse-their-influence-on-individuals-involved-in-the-supply-chain-1778563200', '', 2, 1, 0, '2026-05-12 05:20:00', '2026-05-12 05:20:00'),
(79, 17, '1.0  Understand how to develop a business case for requirements to be sourced from external suppliers', '17-1-0-understand-how-to-develop-a-business-case-for-requirements-to-be-sourced-from-external-suppliers-1780054134', '', 1, 1, 0, '2026-05-29 11:28:54', '2026-05-29 11:28:54'),
(80, 17, '2.0  Understand market management in procurement and supply', '17-2-0-understand-market-management-in-procurement-and-supply-1780054170', '', 2, 1, 0, '2026-05-29 11:29:30', '2026-05-29 11:29:30'),
(81, 17, '3.0  Understand the use of specifications in procurement and supply', '17-3-0-understand-the-use-of-specifications-in-procurement-and-supply-1780054209', '', 3, 1, 0, '2026-05-29 11:30:09', '2026-05-29 11:30:09'),
(82, 18, '1.0 Understand the legal issues that relate to the formation of contracts', '18-understand-the-legal-issues-that-relate-to-the-formation-of-contracts-1780094473', '', 1, 1, 0, '2026-05-29 22:41:13', '2026-05-29 22:43:03'),
(83, 18, '2.0  Understand the fundamentals of specifications and key performance indicators  that are included in contractual arrangements made with suppliers', '18-2-0-understand-the-fundamentals-of-specifications-and-key-performance-indicators-that-are-included-in-contractual-arrangements-made-with-suppliers-1780094512', '', 2, 1, 0, '2026-05-29 22:41:52', '2026-05-29 22:41:52'),
(84, 18, '3.0  Understand the key clauses that are included in formal contracts', '18-3-0-understand-the-key-clauses-that-are-included-in-formal-contracts-1780094542', '', 3, 1, 0, '2026-05-29 22:42:22', '2026-05-29 22:42:22'),
(85, 3, '2.0  Understand and analyse the key steps when procuring goods or services', '3-2-0-understand-and-analyse-the-key-steps-when-procuring-goods-or-services-1780112485', '', 2, 1, 0, '2026-05-30 03:41:25', '2026-05-30 03:41:25'),
(86, 3, '3.0  Understand and analyse aspects of organisational infrastructure that shape the scope of procurement and supply chain functions', '3-3-0-understand-and-analyse-aspects-of-organisational-infrastructure-that-shape-the-scope-of-procurement-and-supply-chain-functions-1780112517', '', 3, 1, 0, '2026-05-30 03:41:57', '2026-05-30 03:41:57'),
(87, 3, '4.0  Understand and analyse the need for compliance with requirements when undertaking procurement activities in different sectors', '3-4-0-understand-and-analyse-the-need-for-compliance-with-requirements-when-undertaking-procurement-activities-in-different-sectors-1780112561', '', 4, 1, 0, '2026-05-30 03:42:41', '2026-05-30 03:42:41'),
(88, 19, '1.0  Understand key approaches in the negotiation of commercial agreements with external organisations', '19-1-0-understand-key-approaches-in-the-negotiation-of-commercial-agreements-with-external-organisations-1780139891', '', 1, 1, 0, '2026-05-30 11:18:11', '2026-05-30 11:18:11'),
(89, 19, '2.0  Know how to prepare for negotiations with external organisations', '19-2-0-know-how-to-prepare-for-negotiations-with-external-organisations-1780139914', '', 2, 1, 0, '2026-05-30 11:18:34', '2026-05-30 11:18:34'),
(90, 19, '2.0  Understand how commercial negotiations should be undertaken', '19-2-0-understand-how-commercial-negotiations-should-be-undertaken-1780139990', '', 3, 1, 0, '2026-05-30 11:19:50', '2026-05-30 11:19:50'),
(91, 20, '1.0  Understand the key stages which impact on the negotiation process and outcomes', '20-1-0-understand-the-key-stages-which-impact-on-the-negotiation-process-and-outcomes-1780210010', '', 1, 1, 0, '2026-05-31 06:46:50', '2026-05-31 06:46:50'),
(92, 20, '2.0  Understand negotiation relationships and ethics', '20-2-0-understand-negotiation-relationships-and-ethics-1780210034', '', 2, 1, 0, '2026-05-31 06:47:14', '2026-05-31 06:47:14'),
(93, 20, '3.0  Understand methods and behavioural factors which can influence others', '20-3-0-understand-methods-and-behavioural-factors-which-can-influence-others-1780210062', '', 3, 1, 0, '2026-05-31 06:47:42', '2026-05-31 06:47:42');

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(9, 13, '1.1 Assess the application  of key performance  indicators (KPIs) in  delivering contract  performance', '1-1-assess-the-application-of-key-performance-indicators-kpis-in-delivering-contract-performance', '', 1, 10, '2025-12-18 06:59:29', '2025-12-18 06:59:29'),
(10, 13, '1.2 Evaluate methods of  measuring and improving  contract performance', '1-2-evaluate-methods-of-measuring-and-improving-contract-performance', '', 2, 10, '2025-12-18 06:59:50', '2025-12-18 06:59:50'),
(11, 13, '1.3 Examine approaches  available for supplier  contract performance', '1-3-examine-approaches-available-for-supplier-contract-performance', '', 3, 110, '2025-12-18 07:00:12', '2025-12-18 07:00:12'),
(12, 13, '1.4 Assess scope and  developments to improve  ESG (Environmental,  Social, and Governance)  considerations in supply  chains', '1-4-assess-scope-and-developments-to-improve-esg-environmental-social-and-governance-considerations-in-supply-chains', '', 4, 10, '2025-12-18 07:00:34', '2025-12-18 07:00:34'),
(21, 41, 'Clite intro', '41-clite-intro-1768137015', '', 1, 0, '2026-01-11 13:10:15', '2026-01-11 13:10:15'),
(22, 41, 'Stores management', '41-stores-management-1768229277', '', 4, 0, '2026-01-12 14:47:57', '2026-01-12 14:47:57'),
(25, 41, 'Clite introduction', '41-clite-introduction-1768267182', '', 3, 0, '2026-01-13 01:19:42', '2026-01-13 01:19:42'),
(26, 46, 'Define supply chain management', '46-define-supply-chain-management-1768269077', '', 1, 0, '2026-01-13 01:51:17', '2026-01-13 01:51:17'),
(27, 47, 'what is receiving', '47-what-is-receiving-1774668246', '', 1, 0, '2026-03-28 03:24:06', '2026-03-28 03:24:06'),
(28, 27, 'Inventory management skills', '27-inventory-management-skills-1775698955', '', 1, 0, '2026-04-09 01:42:35', '2026-04-09 01:42:35'),
(29, 27, 'Inventory storage, retrieval, and dispatch', '27-inventory-storage-retrieval-and-dispatch-1775699002', '', 2, 0, '2026-04-09 01:43:22', '2026-04-09 01:43:22'),
(30, 27, 'Performance metrics and KPIs', '27-performance-metrics-and-kpis-1775699040', '', 3, 0, '2026-04-09 01:44:00', '2026-04-09 01:44:00'),
(31, 27, 'Warehouse R&M', '27-warehouse-r-m-1775699070', '', 4, 0, '2026-04-09 01:44:30', '2026-04-09 01:44:30'),
(32, 60, 'Quality standards for inventory (pest control)', '60-quality-standards-for-inventory-pest-control-1775740135', '', 1, 0, '2026-04-09 13:08:55', '2026-04-09 13:08:55'),
(33, 60, 'Quality control processes', '60-quality-control-processes-1775740164', '', 2, 0, '2026-04-09 13:09:24', '2026-04-09 13:09:24'),
(34, 60, 'Inspection and monitoring', '60-inspection-and-monitoring-1775740193', '', 3, 0, '2026-04-09 13:09:53', '2026-04-09 13:09:53'),
(35, 60, 'Management of inventory shelf life', '60-management-of-inventory-shelf-life-1775740221', '', 4, 0, '2026-04-09 13:10:21', '2026-04-09 13:10:21'),
(36, 69, 'Purpose and importance of SOPs', '69-purpose-and-importance-of-sops-1775740360', '', 1, 0, '2026-04-09 13:12:40', '2026-04-09 13:12:40'),
(37, 68, 'SOP for General receiving of goods', '68-sop-for-general-receiving-of-goods-1775740399', '', 2, 0, '2026-04-09 13:13:19', '2026-04-09 13:13:19'),
(38, 68, 'Purpose and importance of SOPs', '68-purpose-and-importance-of-sops-1775740436', '', 1, 0, '2026-04-09 13:13:56', '2026-04-09 13:13:56'),
(39, 68, 'SOP for issuing of goods', '68-sop-for-issuing-of-goods-1775740473', '', 3, 0, '2026-04-09 13:14:33', '2026-04-09 13:14:33'),
(40, 68, 'SOP for storage space planning', '68-sop-for-storage-space-planning-1775740503', '', 4, 0, '2026-04-09 13:15:03', '2026-04-09 13:15:03'),
(41, 68, 'SOP for fuel management', '68-sop-for-fuel-management-1775740526', '', 5, 0, '2026-04-09 13:15:26', '2026-04-09 13:15:26'),
(42, 68, 'SOP For writing  off inventory', '68-sop-for-writing-off-inventory-1775740559', '', 6, 0, '2026-04-09 13:15:59', '2026-04-09 13:15:59'),
(45, 59, 'Inventory management skills', 'introduction-to-warehouse-operations', 'Learn warehouse basics and organization principles.', 1, 0, '2026-04-09 14:42:39', '2026-05-09 12:48:29'),
(46, 59, 'Inventory storage, retrieval, and dispatch', 'receiving-and-inspection', 'Goods receiving and quality checks.', 3, 0, '2026-04-09 14:42:39', '2026-05-13 01:12:07'),
(47, 59, 'Performance metrics and KPIs', 'storage-strategies', '', 3, 0, '2026-04-09 14:42:39', '2026-05-13 01:12:57'),
(48, 75, 'ggggg', '75-ggggg-1776223867', '', 1, 0, '2026-04-15 03:31:07', '2026-04-15 03:31:07'),
(49, 76, 'Inventory management skills', '76-inventory-management-skills-1776269061', '', 1, 0, '2026-04-15 16:04:21', '2026-04-15 16:04:21'),
(50, 77, '1.1        Evaluate the differences between leadership and management', '77-1-1-evaluate-the-differences-between-leadership-and-management-1778542323', '', 1, 0, '2026-05-11 23:32:03', '2026-05-11 23:32:03'),
(51, 77, '1.2        Analyse approaches to leadership for improving procurement and supply chain management', '77-1-2-analyse-approaches-to-leadership-for-improving-procurement-and-supply-chain-management-1778542359', '', 2, 0, '2026-05-11 23:32:39', '2026-05-11 23:32:39'),
(52, 78, '2.1        Evaluate influencing styles that can be used in the effective leadership of a supply chain', '78-2-1-evaluate-influencing-styles-that-can-be-used-in-the-effective-leadership-of-a-supply-chain-1778563235', '', 1, 0, '2026-05-12 05:20:35', '2026-05-12 05:20:35'),
(53, 78, '2.2         Compare leadership techniques that can be used  to influence stakeholders in a supply chain', '78-2-2-compare-leadership-techniques-that-can-be-used-to-influence-stakeholders-in-a-supply-chain-1778597065', '', 2, 0, '2026-05-12 14:44:25', '2026-05-12 14:44:25'),
(54, 59, 'Warehouse R&M', '59-warehouse-r-m-1778634816', '', 4, 0, '2026-05-13 01:13:36', '2026-05-13 01:13:36'),
(55, 61, 'Techniques for Monitoring Stock Levels', '61-techniques-for-monitoring-stock-levels-1778674984', '', 1, 0, '2026-05-13 12:23:04', '2026-05-13 12:23:04'),
(56, 61, 'Reorder Points and Safety Stocks', '61-reorder-points-and-safety-stocks-1778675034', '', 2, 0, '2026-05-13 12:23:54', '2026-05-13 12:23:54'),
(57, 61, 'Cycle Counting and Stocktaking', '61-cycle-counting-and-stocktaking-1778675067', '', 3, 0, '2026-05-13 12:24:27', '2026-05-13 12:24:27'),
(58, 61, 'Reconciliation Procedures', '61-reconciliation-procedures-1778675106', '', 4, 0, '2026-05-13 12:25:06', '2026-05-13 12:25:06'),
(59, 62, 'Stock Level Management', '62-stock-level-management-1778675968', '', 1, 0, '2026-05-13 12:39:28', '2026-05-13 12:39:28'),
(60, 79, '1.1  Analyse how business  needs influence procurement and supply decisions', '79-1-1-analyse-how-business-needs-influence-procurement-and-supply-decisions-1780054253', '', 1, 0, '2026-05-29 11:30:53', '2026-05-29 11:30:53'),
(61, 79, '1.2  Identify how costs and  prices can be estimated  for procurement activities', '79-1-2-identify-how-costs-and-prices-can-be-estimated-for-procurement-activities-1780054278', '', 2, 0, '2026-05-29 11:31:18', '2026-05-29 11:31:18'),
(62, 79, '1.3  Analyse the criteria  that can be applied in  the development of a  business case', '79-1-3-analyse-the-criteria-that-can-be-applied-in-the-development-of-a-business-case-1780054302', '', 3, 0, '2026-05-29 11:31:42', '2026-05-29 11:31:42'),
(63, 79, '1.4  Interpretation of financial  budgets and cost models  for the control of  purchases', '79-1-4-interpretation-of-financial-budgets-and-cost-models-for-the-control-of-purchases-1780054330', '', 4, 0, '2026-05-29 11:32:10', '2026-05-29 11:32:10'),
(64, 80, '2.1  Analyse the consideration  for procurement and  supply when working with  different markets', '80-2-1-analyse-the-consideration-for-procurement-and-supply-when-working-with-different-markets-1780054656', '', 1, 0, '2026-05-29 11:37:36', '2026-05-29 11:37:36'),
(65, 80, '2.2  Compare the competitive  forces that influence  markets', '80-2-2-compare-the-competitive-forces-that-influence-markets-1780054684', '', 2, 0, '2026-05-29 11:38:04', '2026-05-29 11:38:04'),
(66, 80, '2.3  Contrast direct costs and  indirect costs. Consider  the types of data that can  provide information on  cost and price', '80-2-3-contrast-direct-costs-and-indirect-costs-consider-the-types-of-data-that-can-provide-information-on-cost-and-price-1780054721', '', 3, 0, '2026-05-29 11:38:41', '2026-05-29 11:38:41'),
(67, 81, '3.1  Analyse the types of  specifications used  in procurement and  supply, and sources of information that can be used to create them', '81-3-1-analyse-the-types-of-specifications-used-in-procurement-and-supply-and-sources-of-information-that-can-be-used-to-create-them-1780054761', '', 1, 0, '2026-05-29 11:39:21', '2026-05-29 11:39:21'),
(68, 81, '3.2  Identify sections used in  developing specifications supporting procurement and supply arrangements', '81-3-2-identify-sections-used-in-developing-specifications-supporting-procurement-and-supply-arrangements-1780054787', '', 2, 0, '2026-05-29 11:39:47', '2026-05-29 11:39:47'),
(69, 81, '3.3  Identify the risks that can  result from inadequate specifications and mitigation approaches', '81-3-3-identify-the-risks-that-can-result-from-inadequate-specifications-and-mitigation-approaches-1780054816', '', 3, 0, '2026-05-29 11:40:16', '2026-05-29 11:40:16'),
(70, 81, '3.4  Identify opportunities  to review and enhance specifications in the short and longer term', '81-3-4-identify-opportunities-to-review-and-enhance-specifications-in-the-short-and-longer-term-1780054846', '', 4, 0, '2026-05-29 11:40:46', '2026-05-29 11:40:46'),
(71, 82, '1.1  Analyse the  documentation that can  comprise a commercial agreement for the supply of goods or services', '82-1-1-analyse-the-documentation-that-can-comprise-a-commercial-agreement-for-the-supply-of-goods-or-services-1780094622', '', 1, 0, '2026-05-29 22:43:42', '2026-05-29 22:43:42'),
(72, 82, '1.2  Analyse the legal issues  that relate to the  creation of commercial  agreements with  customers or suppliers', '82-1-2-analyse-the-legal-issues-that-relate-to-the-creation-of-commercial-agreements-with-customers-or-suppliers-1780094652', '', 2, 0, '2026-05-29 22:44:12', '2026-05-29 22:44:12'),
(73, 82, '1.3  Compare types of  contractual agreements  made between customers  and suppliers', '82-1-3-compare-types-of-contractual-agreements-made-between-customers-and-suppliers-1780094687', '', 3, 0, '2026-05-29 22:44:47', '2026-05-29 22:44:47'),
(74, 83, '2.1  Analyse the content of specifications for procurement activities', '83-2-1-analyse-the-content-of-specifications-for-procurement-activities-1780094972', '', 1, 0, '2026-05-29 22:49:32', '2026-05-29 22:49:32'),
(75, 83, '2.2  Appraise examples of key  performance indicators (KPIs) in contractual agreements', '83-2-2-appraise-examples-of-key-performance-indicators-kpis-in-contractual-agreements-1780095006', '', 2, 0, '2026-05-29 22:50:06', '2026-05-29 22:50:06'),
(76, 84, '3.1  Analyse sources and  purpose of contractual  terms for contracts that are created with external organisations', '84-3-1-analyse-sources-and-purpose-of-contractual-terms-for-contracts-that-are-created-with-external-organisations-1780095049', '', 1, 0, '2026-05-29 22:50:49', '2026-05-29 22:50:49'),
(77, 84, '3.2  Recognise examples  of contractual terms  typically incorporated  into contracts that are created with external organisations', '84-3-2-recognise-examples-of-contractual-terms-typically-incorporated-into-contracts-that-are-created-with-external-organisations-1780095080', '', 2, 0, '2026-05-29 22:51:20', '2026-05-29 22:51:20'),
(78, 84, '3.3  Recognise types of pricing arrangements in commercial agreements', '84-3-3-recognise-types-of-pricing-arrangements-in-commercial-agreements-1780095115', '', 3, 0, '2026-05-29 22:51:55', '2026-05-29 22:51:55'),
(79, 2, '1.1  Compare the concepts of procurement and supply chain management', '2-1-1-compare-the-concepts-of-procurement-and-supply-chain-management-1780112618', '', 1, 0, '2026-05-30 03:43:38', '2026-05-30 03:43:38'),
(80, 91, '1.1  Analyse pre-negotiation  and the associated  preparation that should  be made', '91-2-1-assess-the-changing-relationships-within-the-negotiation-process-1780210086', '', 1, 0, '2026-05-31 06:48:06', '2026-05-31 06:49:22'),
(81, 91, '1.2  Examine negotiation and the associated strategies, tools and techniques', '91-2-2-analyse-ethics-and-its-influence-on-the-negotiation-process-1780210111', '', 2, 0, '2026-05-31 06:48:31', '2026-05-31 06:49:52'),
(82, 91, '1.3  Examine post-negotiation  actions', '91-1-3-examine-post-negotiation-actions-1780210219', '', 3, 0, '2026-05-31 06:50:19', '2026-05-31 06:50:19'),
(83, 92, '2.1  Assess the changing relationships within the negotiation process', '92-2-1-assess-the-changing-relationships-within-the-negotiation-process-1780210248', '', 1, 0, '2026-05-31 06:50:48', '2026-05-31 06:50:48'),
(84, 92, '2.2  Analyse ethics and its influence on the negotiation process', '92-2-2-analyse-ethics-and-its-influence-on-the-negotiation-process-1780269689', '', 2, 0, '2026-05-31 23:21:29', '2026-05-31 23:21:29'),
(85, 93, '3.1  Assess methods to influence individuals and groups', '93-3-1-assess-methods-to-influence-individuals-and-groups-1780269718', '', 1, 0, '2026-05-31 23:21:58', '2026-05-31 23:21:58'),
(86, 93, '3.2  Assess the behavioural factors that might influence individuals', '93-3-2-assess-the-behavioural-factors-that-might-influence-individuals-1780269765', '', 2, 0, '2026-05-31 23:22:45', '2026-05-31 23:22:45'),
(87, 70, 'Accident Prevention', '70-accident-prevention-1780459120', '', 1, 0, '2026-06-03 03:58:40', '2026-06-03 03:58:40'),
(88, 70, 'Safety', '70-safety-1780535387', '', 2, 0, '2026-06-04 01:09:47', '2026-06-04 01:09:47');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `discount_codes`
--

CREATE TABLE `discount_codes` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `code` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `description` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `discount_type` enum('percentage','fixed_amount') NOT NULL,
  `discount_value` decimal(10,2) NOT NULL,
  `max_discount_amount` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `min_purchase_amount` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `usage_limit` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `usage_count` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `valid_from` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `valid_until` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `applicable_items` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `is_active` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
  `created_by` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `discount_codes`
--

INSERT INTO `discount_codes` (`id`, `code`, `description`, `discount_type`, `discount_value`, `max_discount_amount`, `min_purchase_amount`, `usage_limit`, `usage_count`, `valid_from`, `valid_until`, `applicable_items`, `is_active`, `created_by`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 'WELCOME10', 'Welcome discount for new students', 'percentage', 15.00, NULL, 0.00, 100, 0, NULL, '2026-11-24 22:00:00', NULL, 1, 1, '2025-11-25 11:54:15', '2025-11-26 16:15:50'),
(2, 'EARLYBIRD20', 'Early bird discount', 'percentage', 20.00, NULL, 0.00, 50, 0, NULL, '2026-02-25 11:54:15', NULL, 1, 1, '2025-11-25 11:54:15', '2025-11-25 11:54:15'),
(3, 'STUDENT50', 'Student discount', 'fixed_amount', 50.00, NULL, 0.00, NULL, 0, NULL, '2026-05-25 11:54:15', NULL, 1, 1, '2025-11-25 11:54:15', '2025-11-25 11:54:15');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `exams`
--

CREATE TABLE `exams` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `slug` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `description` longtext DEFAULT NULL,
  `course_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `instructor_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `exam_type` enum('quiz','midterm','final','practice','certification') DEFAULT 'quiz',
  `total_points` decimal(6,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `price` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `currency` varchar(3) DEFAULT 'USD',
  `is_free` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
  `passing_score` decimal(5,2) DEFAULT 50.00,
  `time_limit` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `max_attempts` int(11) DEFAULT 1,
  `shuffle_questions` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `shuffle_options` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `show_results` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
  `show_answers` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `allow_review` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
  `start_date` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `end_date` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `is_proctored` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `proctoring_settings` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `security_settings` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `instructions` longtext DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` enum('draft','published','archived') DEFAULT 'draft',
  `is_template` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `exams`
--

INSERT INTO `exams` (`id`, `title`, `slug`, `description`, `course_id`, `instructor_id`, `exam_type`, `total_points`, `price`, `currency`, `is_free`, `passing_score`, `time_limit`, `max_attempts`, `shuffle_questions`, `shuffle_options`, `show_results`, `show_answers`, `allow_review`, `start_date`, `end_date`, `is_proctored`, `proctoring_settings`, `security_settings`, `instructions`, `status`, `is_template`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(2, 'cips l4', 'cips-l4', 'supply chain', NULL, 5, 'quiz', 3.00, 10.00, 'USD', 0, 70.00, 30, 4, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, 0, '[]', '[]', 'answer all', 'published', 0, '2025-12-01 18:45:47', '2026-01-31 10:27:45'),
(11, 'L5M1 Quiz 1', 'l5m1-quiz-1', 'Managing Teams and Individuals', NULL, 5, 'quiz', 27.00, 5.00, 'USD', 0, 50.00, 180, 3, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, 0, '[]', '[]', 'Answer All questions', 'published', 0, '2026-01-03 03:01:51', '2026-01-31 10:27:58');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `exam_access`
--

CREATE TABLE `exam_access` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `exam_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `student_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `payment_status` enum('pending','paid','free') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'free',
  `payment_amount` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `currency` varchar(3) DEFAULT 'USD',
  `access_granted_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `expires_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `exam_access`
--

INSERT INTO `exam_access` (`id`, `exam_id`, `student_id`, `payment_status`, `payment_amount`, `currency`, `access_granted_at`, `expires_at`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(5, 2, 4, 'free', 0.00, 'USD', '2025-12-11 14:42:29', NULL, '2025-12-11 14:42:29', '2025-12-11 14:42:29');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `exam_attempts`
--

CREATE TABLE `exam_attempts` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `exam_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `student_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `attempt_number` int(11) DEFAULT 1,
  `status` enum('in_progress','completed','abandoned','timed_out') DEFAULT 'in_progress',
  `started_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `ended_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `completed_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `time_spent` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `score` decimal(6,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `max_score` decimal(6,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `percentage` decimal(5,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `is_passed` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `graded_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `graded_by` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `answers` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `feedback` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `ip_address` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL,
  `browser_info` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `exam_attempts`
--

INSERT INTO `exam_attempts` (`id`, `exam_id`, `student_id`, `attempt_number`, `status`, `started_at`, `ended_at`, `completed_at`, `time_spent`, `score`, `max_score`, `percentage`, `is_passed`, `graded_at`, `graded_by`, `answers`, `feedback`, `ip_address`, `browser_info`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(5, 11, 4, 2, 'in_progress', '2026-01-05 01:05:14', NULL, NULL, 0, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, NULL, NULL, '{}', NULL, '::1', '{\"user_agent\":\"Mozilla\\/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit\\/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome\\/143.0.0.0 Safari\\/537.36\",\"accept_language\":\"en-US,en;q=0.9\"}', '2026-01-05 01:05:14', '2026-01-05 01:05:14'),
(7, 2, 4, 1, 'completed', '2026-01-05 05:22:42', NULL, '2026-01-07 14:02:45', 19, 0.00, 3.00, 0.00, 0, NULL, NULL, '[\"16\",{\"48\":\"48\",\"49\":\"50\",\"50\":\"48\"}]', NULL, '::1', '{\"user_agent\":\"Mozilla\\/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit\\/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome\\/143.0.0.0 Safari\\/537.36\",\"accept_language\":\"en-US,en;q=0.9\"}', '2026-01-05 05:22:42', '2026-01-07 14:02:45'),
(9, 2, 4, 2, 'in_progress', '2026-01-07 14:05:14', NULL, NULL, 0, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, NULL, NULL, '{}', NULL, '::1', '{\"user_agent\":\"Mozilla\\/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit\\/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome\\/143.0.0.0 Safari\\/537.36\",\"accept_language\":\"en-US,en;q=0.9\"}', '2026-01-07 14:05:14', '2026-01-07 14:05:14'),
(11, 11, 7, 1, 'in_progress', '2026-01-31 04:32:10', NULL, NULL, 0, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, NULL, NULL, '{}', NULL, '::1', '{\"user_agent\":\"Mozilla\\/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit\\/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome\\/144.0.0.0 Safari\\/537.36\",\"accept_language\":\"en-US,en;q=0.9\"}', '2026-01-31 04:32:10', '2026-01-31 04:32:10');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `exam_questions`
--

CREATE TABLE `exam_questions` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `exam_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `question_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `sort_order` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `points` decimal(5,2) DEFAULT 1.00,
  `time_limit` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `is_required` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
  `section_name` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `exam_questions`
--

INSERT INTO `exam_questions` (`id`, `exam_id`, `question_id`, `sort_order`, `points`, `time_limit`, `is_required`, `section_name`, `created_at`) VALUES
(87, 11, 33, 1, 1.00, NULL, 1, NULL, '2026-01-31 00:13:16'),
(88, 11, 29, 2, 1.00, NULL, 1, NULL, '2026-01-31 00:13:16'),
(89, 11, 4, 3, 25.00, NULL, 1, NULL, '2026-01-31 00:13:16'),
(93, 2, 39, 1, 1.00, NULL, 1, NULL, '2026-01-31 00:14:07'),
(94, 2, 37, 2, 1.00, NULL, 1, NULL, '2026-01-31 00:14:07'),
(95, 2, 38, 3, 1.00, NULL, 1, NULL, '2026-01-31 00:14:07');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `exam_question_grades`
--

CREATE TABLE `exam_question_grades` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `attempt_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `question_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `points_earned` decimal(10,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0.00,
  `feedback` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `graded_by` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `graded_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `exam_reviews`
--

CREATE TABLE `exam_reviews` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `exam_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `student_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `rating` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `review_title` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `review_text` text CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `is_verified` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `helpful_votes` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `status` enum('pending','approved','rejected') CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci DEFAULT 'pending',
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `items`
--

CREATE TABLE `items` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `item_code` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `item_description` text NOT NULL,
  `item_group` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `stores` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `rack` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `level` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `bin` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `uom` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `system_qty` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `items`
--

INSERT INTO `items` (`id`, `item_code`, `item_description`, `item_group`, `stores`, `rack`, `level`, `bin`, `uom`, `system_qty`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 'ITEM001', 'Sample Item 1', 'Electronics', 'Store A', 'R01', 'L01', 'B01', 'PCS', 100.00, '2026-02-17 00:18:58', '2026-02-17 00:18:58'),
(2, 'ITEM002', 'Sample Item 2', 'Electronics', 'Store A', 'R01', 'L01', 'B02', 'PCS', 50.00, '2026-02-17 00:18:58', '2026-02-17 00:18:58'),
(3, 'ITEM003', 'Sample Item 3', 'Furniture', 'Store B', 'R02', 'L01', 'B01', 'PCS', 25.00, '2026-02-17 00:18:58', '2026-02-17 00:18:58'),
(4, 'ITEM004', 'Sample Item 4', 'Furniture', 'Store B', 'R02', 'L02', 'B01', 'PCS', 75.00, '2026-02-17 00:18:58', '2026-02-17 00:18:58'),
(5, 'ITEM005', 'Sample Item 5', 'Office Supplies', 'Store A', 'R03', 'L01', NULL, 'BOX', 200.00, '2026-02-17 00:18:58', '2026-02-17 00:18:58');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `lesson_resources`
--

CREATE TABLE `lesson_resources` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `lesson_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `resource_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `lesson_versions`
--

CREATE TABLE `lesson_versions` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `lesson_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `version_number` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `description` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `content` longtext DEFAULT NULL,
  `video_url` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
  `attachment_url` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `attachment_name` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `changes_description` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `is_published` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `created_by` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `payment_analytics`
--

CREATE TABLE `payment_analytics` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `date` date NOT NULL,
  `gateway_name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `currency` varchar(3) DEFAULT 'USD',
  `total_transactions` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `successful_transactions` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `failed_transactions` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `total_amount` decimal(15,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `refunded_amount` decimal(15,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `net_amount` decimal(15,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `average_transaction` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `payment_gateway_settings`
--

CREATE TABLE `payment_gateway_settings` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `gateway_name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `gateway_type` enum('sandbox','live') DEFAULT 'sandbox',
  `api_key` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `api_secret` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `merchant_id` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `merchant_email` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `merchant_mobile` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `webhook_url` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
  `return_url` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
  `cancel_url` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
  `additional_settings` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `is_active` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `test_mode` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `payment_gateway_settings`
--

INSERT INTO `payment_gateway_settings` (`id`, `gateway_name`, `gateway_type`, `api_key`, `api_secret`, `merchant_id`, `merchant_email`, `merchant_mobile`, `webhook_url`, `return_url`, `cancel_url`, `additional_settings`, `is_active`, `test_mode`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 'paypal', 'sandbox', 'YOUR_PAYPAL_SANDBOX_CLIENT_ID', 'YOUR_PAYPAL_SANDBOX_CLIENT_SECRET', NULL, 'sb-seller@example.com', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 1, 1, '2025-11-25 11:54:15', '2025-11-28 17:07:50'),
(2, 'paypal', 'live', 'YOUR_PAYPAL_LIVE_CLIENT_ID', 'YOUR_PAYPAL_LIVE_CLIENT_SECRET', NULL, 'seller@example.com', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-25 11:54:15', '2025-11-25 11:54:15'),
(3, 'paynow', 'sandbox', 'YOUR_PAYNOW_SANDBOX_INTEGRATION_ID', 'YOUR_PAYNOW_SANDBOX_INTEGRATION_KEY', 'YOUR_PAYNOW_SANDBOX_ID', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 1, 1, '2025-11-25 11:54:15', '2025-11-28 17:07:50'),
(4, 'paynow', 'live', 'YOUR_PAYNOW_LIVE_INTEGRATION_ID', 'YOUR_PAYNOW_LIVE_INTEGRATION_KEY', 'YOUR_PAYNOW_LIVE_ID', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-25 11:54:15', '2025-11-25 11:54:15');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `payment_logs`
--

CREATE TABLE `payment_logs` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `transaction_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `action` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `level` enum('info','warning','error') DEFAULT 'info',
  `message` text NOT NULL,
  `context` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `ip_address` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL,
  `user_agent` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `payment_refunds`
--

CREATE TABLE `payment_refunds` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `transaction_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `refund_transaction_id` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `reference_number` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `amount` decimal(10,2) NOT NULL,
  `reason` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` enum('pending','processing','completed','failed','cancelled') DEFAULT 'pending',
  `gateway_response` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `processed_by` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `processed_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `payment_transactions`
--

CREATE TABLE `payment_transactions` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `transaction_id` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `reference_number` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `gateway_name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `gateway_type` enum('sandbox','live') DEFAULT 'sandbox',
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `item_type` enum('course','exam','subscription') NOT NULL,
  `item_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `amount` decimal(10,2) NOT NULL,
  `currency` varchar(3) DEFAULT 'USD',
  `discount_code` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `discount_amount` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `tax_amount` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `final_amount` decimal(10,2) NOT NULL,
  `status` enum('pending','processing','completed','failed','cancelled','refunded','partially_refunded') DEFAULT 'pending',
  `payment_method` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `gateway_response` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `gateway_metadata` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `ip_address` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL,
  `user_agent` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `notes` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `processed_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `payment_transactions`
--

INSERT INTO `payment_transactions` (`id`, `transaction_id`, `reference_number`, `gateway_name`, `gateway_type`, `user_id`, `item_type`, `item_id`, `amount`, `currency`, `discount_code`, `discount_amount`, `tax_amount`, `final_amount`, `status`, `payment_method`, `gateway_response`, `gateway_metadata`, `ip_address`, `user_agent`, `notes`, `processed_at`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 'TXN_1769992072_5224', 'TXN_1769992072_5224', 'card', 'sandbox', 7, '', 0, 22.00, 'USD', NULL, 0.00, 0.00, 22.00, 'completed', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, '2026-02-02 00:27:52', '2026-02-02 00:27:52'),
(2, 'TXN_1769997305_9182', 'TXN_1769997305_9182', 'paynow', 'sandbox', 7, '', 0, 11.00, 'USD', NULL, 0.00, 0.00, 11.00, 'completed', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, '2026-02-02 01:55:05', '2026-02-02 01:55:05'),
(3, 'TXN_1769997497_2253', 'TXN_1769997497_2253', 'paynow', 'sandbox', 8, '', 0, 22.00, 'USD', NULL, 0.00, 0.00, 22.00, 'completed', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, '2026-02-02 01:58:17', '2026-02-02 01:58:17');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `posts`
--

CREATE TABLE `posts` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `slug` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `content` longtext NOT NULL,
  `excerpt` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `category_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `author_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` enum('draft','published') DEFAULT 'draft',
  `featured_image` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp(),
  `manual_author_name` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `posts`
--

INSERT INTO `posts` (`id`, `title`, `slug`, `content`, `excerpt`, `category_id`, `author_id`, `status`, `featured_image`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `manual_author_name`) VALUES
(1, 'Welcome to Our Blog', 'welcome-to-our-blog', '<p>Welcome to our platform! This is where we\'ll share news, articles, and journals.</p><p>Stay tuned for more exciting content.</p><p><br></p>', 'Welcome to our platform! This is where we\'ll share news, articles, and journals.Stay tuned for more exciting content.', 1, 1, 'draft', NULL, '2025-09-10 03:45:35', '2025-11-07 04:41:58', NULL),
(2, 'Getting Started with PHP', 'getting-started-with-php', '<p>PHP is a powerful server-side scripting language that\'s perfect for web development.</p><p>In this article, we\'ll explore the basics of PHP programming.</p>', 'PHP is a powerful server-side scripting language that\'s perfect for web development.In this article, we\'ll explore the basics of PHP programming.', 2, 1, 'draft', NULL, '2025-09-10 03:45:35', '2025-11-07 04:42:10', NULL),
(3, 'Explain 5 different metaphors that can be used to describe an organisation', 'explain-5-different-metaphors-that-can-be-used-to-describe-an-organisation', '<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:\r\n&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:\r\nminor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-weight:normal\">A ‘metaphor’\r\ncan be described as a figure of speech in which an object or action can be used\r\nto describe a concept – the word or phrase used will be figurative and not\r\nliteral.</span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:\r\n&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:\r\nminor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-weight:normal\">Metaphors are\r\ncommonly used to describe an organisation include: -</span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:\r\n&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:\r\nminor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-weight:normal\">1) </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\r\nmso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin\">Machine</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\r\nmso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-weight:\r\nnormal\"> = In other words, a system to be managed (most common metaphor)</span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:\r\n&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:\r\nminor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-weight:normal\">2) </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\r\nmso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin\">Organism</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\r\nmso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-weight:\r\nnormal\"> = which likens an organisation to an organic, living, or biological\r\n‘being’</span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:\r\n&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:\r\nminor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-weight:normal\">3) </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\r\nmso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin\">Brain</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\r\nmso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-weight:\r\nnormal\"> = describes and organisation as ‘intelligent and able to learn’</span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:\r\n&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:\r\nminor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-weight:normal\">4) </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\r\nmso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin\">Culture</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\r\nmso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-weight:\r\nnormal\"> = Which sees an organisation as an entity with an identity shaped by\r\nritual and symbolism</span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:\r\n&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:\r\nminor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-weight:normal\">5) </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\r\nmso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin\">Political\r\nSystem</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;\r\nmso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:\r\nminor-latin;font-weight:normal\"> = equates organisation as places filled with\r\ndiversity of conflicts and power (stakeholder theories)</span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:\r\n&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:\r\nminor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-weight:normal\">6) </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\r\nmso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin\">Psychic\r\nPrison</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;\r\nmso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:\r\nminor-latin;font-weight:normal\"> = sees individuals within an organisation as\r\nrepressed, controlled or trapped.</span></strong></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpLast\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:\r\n&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:\r\nminor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-weight:normal\">7) </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\r\nmso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin\">Instrument of\r\nDomination</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;\r\nmso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:\r\nminor-latin;font-weight:normal\"> which are exploitative and powerful<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>', 'A ‘metaphor’\r\ncan be described as a figure of speech in which an object or action can be used\r\nto describe a concept – the word or phrase used...', 4, 1, 'draft', NULL, '2025-09-10 04:51:33', '2025-11-07 04:41:43', NULL),
(5, 'Discuss the factors that influence psychological contract and how an employer can protect it', 'discuss-the-factors-that-influence-psychological-contract-and-how-an-employer-can-protect-it', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left:36.0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The term\r\n\'psychological contract\' refers to individuals\' expectations, beliefs, ambitions\r\nand obligations, as perceived by the employer and the worker.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left:36.0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The\r\npsychological contract concerns the intangible aspects of a person’s role\r\nwithin and organisation, it stands outside of the written terms and conditions\r\nof employment, in that it relates more to the unwritten agreement between an\r\nemployee and their employer that describes the informal commitments,\r\nexpectations and understandings that make up their relationship.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left:36.0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">In essence\r\nit outlines commonly understood ‘expectations’ that aren’t in the legal\r\nemployment contract such as: -<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst\" style=\"margin-left:54.0pt;mso-add-space:\r\nauto;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-GB\">a.<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">For the employee:</span></b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\r\nit would deal with the employee’s feelings and expectations in relation to job\r\nsecurity, career progression, development opportunities, fair pay and benefits\r\nand expected support. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpLast\" style=\"margin-left:54.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;\r\ntext-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-GB\">b.<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">For the manager:</span></b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\r\nThey would have expectations and attitudes around expected timeliness, dress\r\ncode, respect, and attitude.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left:36.0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The\r\npsychological contract is something which develops over time, through customs\r\nand practice and is built on the actions of both parties (manager and employee)\r\nand over time it sets out how people behave (e.g., whether turning up late is\r\nacceptable or not).&nbsp; Individuals can\r\ninadvertently fall foul to such practices by not fitting in, and sometimes\r\nthese cultures can be regarded as toxic.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left:36.0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Often\r\nimprecise and rarely spoken, it can often be simply inferred, and expectations\r\ncan be hard to pin down and even harder to enforce if expectations are not made\r\nclear.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left:36.0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Factors\r\nwhich can influence the phycological contract include; a person’s experience in\r\nprevious employment, the recruitment process, 121s (or lack thereof), other\r\nmanagers / teams within organisation, or public statements made by the company.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left:36.0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">It is\r\nimportant to cultivate a healthy psychological contract via: -<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst\" style=\"margin-left:54.0pt;mso-add-space:\r\nauto;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-GB\">-<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Employer brand</span></b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\r\n– being open about attitudes to e.g. The environment and society, flexible\r\nworking, diversity etc, can help to cultivate pride and loyalty among a\r\nworkforce.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" style=\"margin-left:54.0pt;mso-add-space:\r\nauto;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-GB\">-<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Communication</span></b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\r\n– clear open and honest communication promotes confidence among employees to\r\nshare their feelings, concerns and wants.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" style=\"margin-left:54.0pt;mso-add-space:\r\nauto;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-GB\">-<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Learning and career development</span></b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\r\n– instils loyalty as individuals who can see a clear pathway to career\r\ndevelopment are more likely to stay and thrive. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" style=\"margin-left:54.0pt;mso-add-space:\r\nauto;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-GB\">-<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Management style</span></b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\r\n– an organisation should aim to cultivate a ‘leadership’ style of management,\r\nwhere managers lead and help their subordinates to grow, learn and develop\r\nconfidence.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" style=\"margin-left:54.0pt;mso-add-space:\r\nauto;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-GB\">-<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Managing expectations</span></b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\r\n– it’s important to be honest, measured and honest about what is expected, and\r\nnot impose unrealistic goals on over stretched employees.&nbsp; Employees will comply, and simply plan their\r\nexit.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" style=\"margin-left:54.0pt;mso-add-space:\r\nauto;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-GB\">-<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Measuring employee attitude</span></b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\r\n– Regular anonymous surveys are a useful tool to regularly gauge workers\r\nattitude to the organization, and how they feel about the culture and the way\r\nthe business is run. Using this information in an active or rather that passive\r\nway is a good way to generate a healthy culture.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpLast\" style=\"margin-left:54.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;\r\ntext-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-GB\">-<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The recruitment process - is often the\r\nfirst interaction between a manager and a new employee and can form the\r\nfoundation of the phycological contract. It is useful at interview for a\r\nmanager to honestly represent what is expected, and e.g., If a representation\r\nthat people employed within this role progress to the next more senior level\r\nwithin 2 years, is not followed through this would likely erode trust in the\r\norganisation, and lead to higher attrition rates.<o:p></o:p></span></p>', 'The term\r\n\'psychological contract\' refers to individuals\' expectations, beliefs, ambitions\r\nand obligations, as perceived by the employer and the...', 4, 1, 'draft', NULL, '2025-09-10 05:04:34', '2025-11-07 04:41:30', NULL),
(6, 'Control the quality of your stock', 'control-the-quality-of-your-stock', '<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-emoji: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: inherit; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; color: rgb(119, 111, 101);\">quality of the finished product.</p><p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-emoji: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: inherit; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; color: rgb(119, 111, 101);\">Efficient stock control should incorporate&nbsp;<strong style=\"border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit;\">stock tracking&nbsp;</strong>and&nbsp;<strong style=\"border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit;\">batch tracking</strong>. This means being able to trace a particular item backwards or forwards from source to finished product, and identifying the other items in the batch.</p><p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-emoji: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: inherit; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; color: rgb(119, 111, 101);\">Goods should be checked systematically for quality, faults identified and the affected batch weeded out. This will allow you to raise any problems with your supplier and at the same time demonstrate the safety and quality of your product.</p><p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-emoji: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: inherit; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; color: rgb(119, 111, 101);\">With a good computerised stock control system, this kind of tracking is relatively straightforward. Manual stock control methods can also use&nbsp;<strong style=\"border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit;\">codes</strong>&nbsp;to systematise tracking and make it easier to trace particular batches.</p><p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-emoji: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: inherit; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; color: rgb(119, 111, 101);\">Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) can be used to store information about a product or component\'s manufacturing date, to ensure that it is sold or processed in time. The system can also be used to trace faulty products quickly and efficiently. See the page in this guide on using RFID for inventory control, stock security and quality management.</p>', 'quality of the finished product.Efficient stock control should incorporate&nbsp;stock tracking&nbsp;and&nbsp;batch tracking. This means being able to...', 2, 1, 'draft', NULL, '2025-09-10 12:44:23', '2025-11-07 04:41:14', NULL),
(7, 'Stock security Control', 'stock-security-control', '<h3 style=\"margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-emoji: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: inherit; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; color: rgb(119, 111, 101);\" class=\"\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Goods hhg</span></h3><h3 style=\"margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-emoji: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: inherit; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; color: rgb(119, 111, 101);\" class=\"\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">hghg<br></span><h3 class=\"\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Keeping stock secure depends on knowing what you have, where it is located and how much it is worth - so good records are essential. Stock that is portable, does not feature the business\' logo, or is easy to sell on, is at particular risk.<br>Thieves and shoplifters<br>A thief coming in from outside is an obvious threat. Check the security around your premises to keep the risk to a minimum. In a store, thieves may steal in groups - some providing a distraction while others take goods. Teach your staff to be alert and to recognise behaviour like this. Set up a clear policy and make sure staff are trained in dealing with thieves.<br>Offering to help a customer if you are suspicious will often prevent a theft. Avoid using confrontational words like \"steal\" if you do have to approach a suspected thief, and avoid getting into a dangerous situation.<br>Protect your stock</span><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; list-style: none;\"><li style=\"padding-left: 15px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; list-style: none; background: url(&quot;/cassette.axd/file/feuil/themes/web/images/entre/bullet-list-510d6d670894aa6323f5cedfb9bf2cbc01389418.png&quot;) 0px 1px no-repeat;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Identify and mark expensive portable equipment (such as computers). If possible, fit valuable stock with security tags - such as Radio Frequency Identification tags - which will sound an alarm if they are moved.</span></li></ul><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; list-style: none;\"><li style=\"padding-left: 15px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; list-style: none; background: url(&quot;/cassette.axd/file/feuil/themes/web/images/entre/bullet-list-510d6d670894aa6323f5cedfb9bf2cbc01389418.png&quot;) 0px 1px no-repeat;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Don\'t leave equipment hanging around after delivery. Put it away in a secure place, record it and clear up packaging. It is a good idea to dispose of packaging securely -leaving boxes in view could be an advertisement to thieves.</span></li></ul><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; list-style: none;\"><li style=\"padding-left: 15px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; list-style: none; background: url(&quot;/cassette.axd/file/feuil/themes/web/images/entre/bullet-list-510d6d670894aa6323f5cedfb9bf2cbc01389418.png&quot;) 0px 1px no-repeat;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Take regular inventories.</span></li></ul><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; list-style: none;\"><li style=\"padding-left: 15px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; list-style: none; background: url(&quot;/cassette.axd/file/feuil/themes/web/images/entre/bullet-list-510d6d670894aa6323f5cedfb9bf2cbc01389418.png&quot;) 0px 1px no-repeat;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Put CCTV in parking lots and other key locations.</span></li></ul><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Theft by staff<br>Theft by employees can sometimes be a problem. To prevent this:</span><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; list-style: none;\"><li style=\"padding-left: 15px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; list-style: none; background: url(&quot;/cassette.axd/file/feuil/themes/web/images/entre/bullet-list-510d6d670894aa6323f5cedfb9bf2cbc01389418.png&quot;) 0px 1px no-repeat;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Train staff about your security systems and your disciplinary policies and procedures. Training about the cost of stock theft will help, as many people aren\'t aware of the implications for company turnover and job security.</span></li></ul><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; list-style: none;\"><li style=\"padding-left: 15px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; list-style: none; background: url(&quot;/cassette.axd/file/feuil/themes/web/images/entre/bullet-list-510d6d670894aa6323f5cedfb9bf2cbc01389418.png&quot;) 0px 1px no-repeat;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Set up procedures to prevent theft. Staff with financial responsibilities should not be in charge of stock records.</span></li></ul><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; list-style: none;\"><li style=\"padding-left: 15px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; list-style: none; background: url(&quot;/cassette.axd/file/feuil/themes/web/images/entre/bullet-list-510d6d670894aa6323f5cedfb9bf2cbc01389418.png&quot;) 0px 1px no-repeat;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Restrict access to warehouses, stockrooms and stationery cupboards.</span></li></ul><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; list-style: none;\"><li style=\"font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; padding-left: 15px; border: 0px; list-style: none; background: url(&quot;/cassette.axd/file/feuil/themes/web/images/entre/bullet-list-510d6d670894aa6323f5cedfb9bf2cbc01389418.png&quot;) 0px 1px no-repeat;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Regularly change staff controlling stock to avoid collusion or bad practice.</span></li></ul></h3></h3>', 'Goods hhghghgKeeping stock secure depends on knowing what you have, where it is located and how much it is worth - so good records are essential....', 2, 1, 'draft', NULL, '2025-09-10 13:12:01', '2025-11-07 04:40:59', 'Clite Mutale (BBA, MBA, MCIPS)'),
(8, 'Central stores training for FY 2025 Develiopment agenda', 'central-stores-training-for-fy-2025-develiopment-agenda', '<p><p><br></p><img src=\"assets/images/68c283a1c3fe8.png\" alt=\"PAB Logo.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; width: 100%;\"></p><p>Well to central stores training at Padenga&nbsp;</p>', 'Well to central stores training at Padenga&nbsp;', 1, 1, 'draft', NULL, '2025-09-11 08:09:05', '2025-11-07 04:40:44', 'Clite Mutale (BBA, MBA, MCIPS)'),
(9, 'invoice', 'invoice', '<img src=\"assets/images/68c285522f673.JPG\" alt=\"Invoice Tony waite.JPG\" style=\"max-width: 100%; width: 50%;\"><p>good news for alll</p>', 'good news for alll', 1, 1, 'draft', NULL, '2025-09-11 08:16:18', '2025-11-07 04:40:33', 'clite'),
(10, 'Analyse how individual behavioural characteristics influence a manager’s leadership style in procurement and supply functions.', 'analyse-how-individual-behavioural-characteristics-influence-a-manager-s-leadership-style-in-procurement-and-supply-functions', '<h5 style=\"margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify\" class=\"\"><h3 class=\"\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:Poppins\">Behavioural\r\ncharacteristics refer to enduring psychological traits that shape how\r\nindividuals think, feel, and act in organisational settings. In procurement and\r\nsupply—functions increasingly reliant on stakeholder collaboration, ethical\r\ndecision-making, and cross-cultural negotiation—these traits directly influence\r\nmanagerial effectiveness. This answer will analyse how personality (e.g., Big\r\nFive traits), emotional intelligence, and cognitive styles shape leadership\r\napproaches, drawing on trait theory, behavioural models, and CIPS-aligned\r\npractices.<br></span></span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:Poppins\"><u>Personality traits fundamentally predispose managers to specific leadership\r\nbehaviours</u>.<br></span></span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:Poppins\">Trait theory, notably advanced by Stogdill (1974) and McCall\r\n&amp; Lombardo (1983), identifies core traits such as emotional stability,\r\nintellectual breadth, interpersonal skill, and willingness to admit error as\r\nhallmarks of effective leadership. These align with dimensions in the Big Five\r\nmodel (e.g., high conscientiousness correlates with structured planning; high\r\nagreeableness supports collaborative supplier relations). For example a\r\nprocurement manager scoring high in openness to experience may champion innovation\r\nin sustainable sourcing, whereas one high in neuroticism might delay decisions\r\nduring supply chain disruptions due to anxiety. The Ohio State Leadership\r\nTheory further validates this: “initiating structure” (task focus) often stems\r\nfrom conscientiousness, while “consideration” (people focus) reflects\r\nagreeableness.<br></span></span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:Poppins\">\r\nThus, inherent behavioural traits serve as a baseline for leadership style,\r\ndirectly affecting team morale and operational outcomes.<br></span></span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:Poppins\"><u>Emotional intelligence (EI) enables adaptive, context-sensitive leadership</u>.<br></span></span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:Poppins\">\r\nGoleman (1995) posits that EI—comprising self-awareness, self-regulation,\r\nempathy, and social skills—accounts for up to 75% of performance variance\r\nbeyond IQ. In procurement, where influencing without authority is critical, EI\r\nallows managers to read emotional cues, manage conflict, and build trust across\r\ndiverse stakeholders. For example during a tense contract renegotiation with an\r\noverseas supplier, a high-EI manager might detect unspoken concerns about cash\r\nflow and propose flexible payment terms, preserving the relationship. CIPS\r\nguidance emphasises EI in ethical sourcing and stakeholder engagement,\r\nparticularly in global contexts. EI transforms static personality into dynamic\r\nresponsiveness, allowing managers to tailor their approach to cultural and\r\nsituational demands.<br></span></span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:Poppins\"><u>Cognitive and experiential backgrounds shape strategic orientation and\r\ncommunication preferences</u>.<br></span></span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:Poppins\">\r\nA manager’s education, generational cohort, and professional history influence\r\nrisk tolerance, digital fluency, and values. For instance, a Gen Z procurement\r\nofficer may prioritise ESG metrics and digital tools, while a veteran may rely\r\non long-term relational contracts. Lewin’s (1951) interactionist perspective\r\nconfirms that behaviour results from both innate traits and environmental\r\nconditioning.<br></span></span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:Poppins\">\r\nFor example in multinational firms, managers with international exposure often\r\nadopt inclusive, culturally intelligent practices—such as adjusting negotiation\r\nstyles for high-context vs. low-context cultures—enhancing supplier diversity\r\nand innovation. Recognising these differences allows procurement leaders to\r\nbridge generational and cognitive gaps, fostering cohesive teams.<br></span></span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:Poppins\">\r\nIndividual behavioural characteristics—whether biologically rooted or shaped by\r\nexperience—profoundly shape leadership in procurement. While traits like\r\nconscientiousness or emotional stability set a foundation, self-awareness and\r\nEI enable adaptation. Therefore, effective procurement managers must engage in\r\ncontinuous reflection and development to align their natural tendencies with\r\norganisational needs and team dynamics.<br></span></span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:Poppins\">&nbsp;</span></span></h3><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\">\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p></h5>', 'Behavioural\r\ncharacteristics refer to enduring psychological traits that shape how\r\nindividuals think, feel, and act in organisational settings. In pr...', 4, 1, 'published', NULL, '2025-09-11 13:18:27', '2026-02-22 00:01:39', 'Clite Mutale (BBA, MBA, MCIPS)'),
(11, 'Welcome', 'welcome', '<p>You are welcome to mutalex</p>', 'You are welcome to mutalex', 1, 1, 'draft', NULL, '2025-09-11 14:23:23', '2025-11-07 04:40:08', 'Clite Mutale (BBA, MBA, MCIPS)'),
(12, 'communicationn', 'communicationn', '<img src=\"assets/images/690b7a0d0cefa.png\" alt=\"Gemini_Generated_Image_e597yne597yne597.png\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"><p><br></p><p>good communication&nbsp;</p>', 'good communication&nbsp;', 6, 1, 'draft', NULL, '2025-11-05 16:23:41', '2025-11-07 04:39:53', 'Clite Mutale (BBA, MBA, MCIPS)'),
(13, 'quality control', 'quality-control', '<img src=\"assets/images/690b7a53874b7.png\" alt=\"Gemini_Generated_Image_3psg7p3psg7p3psg.png\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"><p><br></p><p><br></p><p>keep quality food in the warehouse</p>', 'keep quality food in the warehouse', 6, 1, 'draft', NULL, '2025-11-05 16:24:51', '2025-11-07 04:39:43', 'Clite Mutale (BBA, MBA, MCIPS)'),
(14, 'sustainability', 'sustainability', '<p style=\"margin-left: 25px;\">Good sustainability practice, will be good for the business.&nbsp;</p><ol><li><li><li><li><li><li><li><li><li><ol><li><ol><li style=\"margin-left: 25px;\"><ol><li style=\"text-align: left; margin-left: 25px;\">hhghhghghghkkg&nbsp;</li><li style=\"text-align: left; margin-left: 25px;\">ghhhhh</li><li style=\"text-align: left; margin-left: 25px;\">hh</li><li style=\"text-align: left; margin-left: 25px;\">jgjgjgjgjg</li><li style=\"text-align: left; margin-left: 25px;\">hhhmmh</li><li style=\"text-align: left; margin-left: 25px;\">hhh</li><li style=\"text-align: left; margin-left: 25px;\">hghghg</li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li></li></li></li></li></li></li></li></li></ol>', 'Good sustainability practice, will be good for the business.&nbsp;hhghhghghghkkg&nbsp;ghhhhhhhjgjgjgjgjghhhmmhhhhhghghg', 6, 1, 'draft', NULL, '2025-11-06 14:10:44', '2025-11-07 04:39:33', 'Clite Mutale (BBA, MBA, MCIPS)'),
(15, '1.        (a) Outline TWO differences between procurement and purchasing and supply. (b) Describe FIVE advantages of implementing a supply chain management approach.', '1-a-outline-two-differences-between-procurement-and-purchasing-and-supply-b-describe-five-advantages-of-implementing-a-supply-chain-management-approach-', '<p style=\"border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; margin-bottom: 6px; color: rgb(39, 39, 42); line-height: 1.625; font-family: &quot;Source Sans Pro&quot;, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);\">Procurement, purchasing, and supply are related but distinct functions in an organization\'s operations. Here are two key differences between them:</p><ol style=\"border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; margin-bottom: 6px; color: rgb(39, 39, 42); list-style-position: inside; list-style-image: initial; font-family: &quot;Source Sans Pro&quot;, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);\"><li style=\"border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; margin-bottom: 0.5em;\">Scope:<br style=\"border-width: 0px; border-style: solid;\">* Procurement: This function involves the overall acquisition of goods, services, or works from external sources, including evaluating suppliers, negotiating contracts, and managing relationships. It has a broader scope than purchasing and supply, as it encompasses not only the sourcing process but also the management of supplier relationships and risk mitigation strategies.<br style=\"border-width: 0px; border-style: solid;\">* Purchasing: This function is focused specifically on the acquisition of goods and services within an organization. Purchasing professionals work closely with internal stakeholders to identify their needs and source products that meet those requirements. While they may be involved in the evaluation and selection of suppliers, their primary focus is on procuring specific items at the best possible price.</li><li style=\"border-width: 0px; border-style: solid;\">Level of Strategic Focus:<br style=\"border-width: 0px; border-style: solid;\">* Procurement: As mentioned earlier, procurement involves more than just buying goods and services; it includes developing and implementing long-term strategies for acquiring essential resources. Procurement professionals often work closely with top executives to develop sourcing plans that align with the company\'s overall goals and objectives. They must consider factors such as cost savings, quality improvements, sustainability initiatives, and risk management when making decisions.<br style=\"border-width: 0px; border-style: solid;\">* Purchasing: In contrast, purchasing tends to have a more tactical focus. Purchasing agents typically follow established procedures and protocols to obtain necessary supplies without necessarily considering the bigger picture. Their primary objective is to complete transactions efficiently while ensuring compliance with organizational policies and regulations. While some purchasing professionals may contribute to strategic planning, their role primarily revolves around executing day-to-day purchasing activities.</li></ol><p style=\"border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; margin-top: 16px; color: rgb(39, 39, 42); line-height: 1.625; font-family: &quot;Source Sans Pro&quot;, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);\">In summary, while all three terms relate to the acquisition of goods and services, \"procurement\" emphasizes strategic decision-making and supplier relationship management, whereas \"purchasing\" concentrates on transactional tasks and operational efficiency.</p>', 'Procurement, purchasing, and supply are related but distinct functions in an organization\'s operations. Here are two key differences between...', 8, 1, 'published', NULL, '2025-11-07 04:45:17', '2025-11-07 04:45:17', 'Clite Mutale (BBA, MBA, MCIPS)');
INSERT INTO `posts` (`id`, `title`, `slug`, `content`, `excerpt`, `category_id`, `author_id`, `status`, `featured_image`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `manual_author_name`) VALUES
(16, 'How may inventory drive a company’s financial performance', 'how-may-inventory-drive-a-company-s-financial-performance', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Inventory can significantly impact a company\'s financial\r\nperformance in various ways. Here are some key drivers:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Cost\r\n     of Goods Sold (COGS): Inventory represents a significant portion of COGS,\r\n     which is one of the most important metrics for measuring a company\'s\r\n     profitability. The higher the inventory levels, the more COGS will be, and\r\n     therefore, the lower the gross margin will be.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Working\r\n     Capital Requirements: Inventories require working capital to finance their\r\n     purchase, storage, and eventual sale. Higher inventory levels consume more\r\n     working capital, which can limit a company\'s ability to invest in other\r\n     areas or respond to changes in market conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Cash\r\n     Flow: Inventory can generate both cash inflows (through sales) and cash\r\n     outflows (through purchases and holding costs). Managing inventory\r\n     effectively can help a company maintain a healthy cash flow position.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Risk\r\n     Management: Inventory can pose risks such as spoilage, damage, and\r\n     obsolescence. Effective inventory management helps mitigate these risks,\r\n     reducing the likelihood of write-offs and increasing the chances of\r\n     realizing full economic value from inventory assets.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Customer\r\n     Satisfaction: Proper inventory management ensures timely delivery of\r\n     products to meet customer demands, leading to increased customer\r\n     satisfaction and loyalty. This, in turn, can contribute to higher sales\r\n     and profits.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Competitive\r\n     Advantage: Companies that excel at managing inventory can gain a\r\n     competitive advantage by being able to offer faster delivery times, wider\r\n     product selection, and greater flexibility in response to changing market\r\n     conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Asset\r\n     Turnover: Inventory represents a significant asset for many companies,\r\n     particularly those in manufacturing or retail. Effective inventory\r\n     management can help improve asset turnover ratio, which measures how\r\n     efficiently a company is using its assets to generate sales.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Return\r\n     on Invested Capital (ROIC): Inventory can be a major component of invested\r\n     capital, so effective inventory management can directly impact ROIC. By\r\n     reducing inventory costs and improving turns, companies can increase their\r\n     return on invested capital.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Profit\r\n     Margins: Inventory management affects profit margins by influencing the\r\n     cost of goods sold, overhead expenses related to holding and handling\r\n     inventory, and the opportunity cost of tying up capital in unsold\r\n     inventory.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Market\r\n     Volatility: Inventory management becomes even more critical during periods\r\n     of market volatility, when unexpected changes in demand or supply can have\r\n     a significant impact on a company\'s financials. By maintaining optimal\r\n     inventory levels, companies can better navigate these challenges and avoid\r\n     excessive stockpiling or shortages.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n</ol><p class=\"MsoNormal\">\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">In summary, inventory plays a crucial role in driving a\r\ncompany\'s financial performance by affecting various aspects of operations,\r\nincluding cost of goods sold, working capital requirements, cash flow, risk\r\nmanagement, customer satisfaction, competitive advantage, asset turnover,\r\nreturn on invested capital, profit margins, and market volatility.<o:p></o:p></span></p>', 'Inventory can significantly impact a company\'s financial\r\nperformance in various ways. Here are some key drivers:\r\n Cost\r\n     of Goods Sold (COGS):...', 2, 1, 'draft', NULL, '2025-11-08 11:28:00', '2025-11-08 11:28:00', 'Clite Mutale (BBA, MBA, MCIPS)'),
(17, 'How do I know if I have an inventory problems and diagonize inventory problems and find solution to inventory problems', 'how-do-i-know-if-i-have-an-inventory-problems-and-diagonize-inventory-problems-and-find-solution-to-inventory-problems', '<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25px;\"><b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">How do I know if I have an inventory problems and\r\ndiagonize inventory problems and find solution to inventory problems. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Identifying inventory problems can be challenging, but there\r\nare several signs that may indicate the presence of inventory issues:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">High\r\n     Inventory Levels: If you have more stock than you need, it can lead to\r\n     unnecessary holding costs, obsolescence, and space constraints.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Stockouts\r\n     or Shortages: Unexpected stockouts or shortages can result in lost sales\r\n     and dissatisfied customers.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Inaccurate\r\n     Forecasting: Incorrect forecasts can lead to overstocking or\r\n     understocking, resulting in wasted resources and missed opportunities.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Inefficient\r\n     Ordering Processes: Disorganized or slow ordering processes can cause\r\n     delays and increase the risk of stockouts or oversupply.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Poor\r\n     Supplier Relationships: Difficulties with suppliers can impact your\r\n     ability to obtain necessary materials on time, leading to stockouts or\r\n     delays.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Lack\r\n     of Visibility: Limited visibility into your inventory levels, locations,\r\n     and movements can make it difficult to identify potential problems before\r\n     they become critical.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Inadequate\r\n     Reporting and Analytics: Without proper reporting and analytics\r\n     capabilities, you may not be able to track key performance indicators\r\n     (KPIs) such as inventory turnover, fill rates, and days inventory\r\n     outstanding (DIO).<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Resistance\r\n     to Change: Inflexible thinking or a reluctance to adopt new technologies\r\n     and strategies can hinder efforts to address inventory problems.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Lack\r\n     of Staff Training: Insufficient training for staff members responsible for\r\n     managing inventory can lead to errors and inefficiencies.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Ignoring\r\n     Early Warning Signs: Failure to address early warning signs of inventory\r\n     problems can allow them to escalate into larger issues.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n</ol><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\"><b>To diagnose inventory problems, follow these steps:</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Gather\r\n     Data: Collect historical data on inventory levels, movements, and KPIs to\r\n     identify patterns and trends.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Conduct\r\n     Regular Audits: Perform regular physical counts and cycle counting to\r\n     verify inventory accuracy and identify discrepancies.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Use\r\n     Inventory Management Software: Utilize software solutions designed to help\r\n     manage inventory, including tracking, reporting, and alert systems.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Analyze\r\n     Sales Trends: Review sales data to identify seasonal fluctuations, growth\r\n     areas, and areas where demand is declining.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Evaluate\r\n     Your Business Model: Assess whether your business model is optimized for\r\n     efficient inventory management, taking into account factors like\r\n     production schedules, shipping times, and customer expectations.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Consult\r\n     With Experts: Seek advice from supply chain consultants or inventory\r\n     management professionals who can provide objective insights and\r\n     recommendations.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Implement\r\n     Solutions: Based on your analysis, implement inventory optimization\r\n     strategies, such as adjusting safety stock levels, optimizing reorder\r\n     points, or improving forecasting methods.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n</ol><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; \"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\"><b>Solution options for common inventory problems include:</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Improved\r\n     Forecasting Techniques: Utilize advanced statistical models, machine\r\n     learning algorithms, or expert judgment to develop more accurate forecasts.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Inventory\r\n     Optimization Strategies: Apply techniques such as ABC classification,\r\n     just-in-time (JIT) inventory management, or vendor-managed inventory (VMI)\r\n     to optimize inventory levels and reduce waste.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Streamlined\r\n     Ordering Processes: Automate order processing and fulfillment tasks\r\n     through technology integration or process improvements to minimize delay\r\n     and maximize efficiency.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Enhanced\r\n     Supply Chain Collaboration: Foster closer relationships with suppliers and\r\n     distributors by implementing collaborative planning, forecasting, and\r\n     replenishment (CPFR) practices.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Warehouse\r\n     Organizational Changes: Implement better warehouse layouts, labeling\r\n     schemes, or material handling procedures to improve inventory location and\r\n     access.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Workforce\r\n     Training Programs: Develop training programs tailored to specific roles\r\n     within your organization to enhance inventory management skills and\r\n     knowledge.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Adoption\r\n     of New Technologies: Explore innovative inventory management tools such as\r\n     robotic picking, autonomous mobile robots (AMRs), or artificial\r\n     intelligence (AI)-powered predictive analytics.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n</ol><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; \"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">&nbsp;</span></p>', 'How do I know if I have an inventory problems and\r\ndiagonize inventory problems and find solution to inventory problems. Identifying inventory...', 2, 1, 'published', NULL, '2025-11-08 11:29:11', '2025-11-08 11:42:24', 'Clite Mutale (BBA, MBA, MCIPS)'),
(18, 'Analyze how big data impacts emerging businesses and markets within the procurement and supply function', 'analyze-how-big-data-impacts-emerging-businesses-and-markets-within-the-procurement-and-supply-function', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Big\r\ndata is reshaping procurement and supply functions, especially for emerging\r\nbusinesses and markets, by enabling smarter, faster, and more resilient\r\noperations. Big Data has revolutionized the way organizations operate,\r\nparticularly in the fields of procurement and supply chain management. This\r\ncontext explore how Big Data is transforming procurement and supply chain\r\nmanagement, specifically in emerging businesses and markets. Key impacts area\r\nof Big data in procurement and supply&nbsp;include: efficiency and cost\r\nsavings, decision-making and strategic planning, market responsiveness and\r\ninnovation,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Efficiency\r\nand Cost Savings</span></u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Big\r\nData analytics helps organizations optimize inventory levels, reduce waste, and\r\nstreamline logistics operations, leading to cost savings and improved\r\noperational efficiency.&nbsp;Big data analytics streamlines procurement and\r\nsupply chain processes by providing real-time insights into spending,\r\ninventory, and supplier performance. This leads to improved demand forecasting,\r\noptimized inventory management, and reduced operational costs—key advantages\r\nfor emerging businesses seeking efficiency and competitiveness (Adesola et al.,\r\n2025; Thi, 2025; Hallikas et al., 2021; Rahman &amp; Fahim, 2018; Raman et al.,\r\n2018; Narwane et al., 2021; Usuemerai et al., 2024; Adebayo et al., 2024;\r\nOncioiu et al., 2019; Lee &amp; Mangalaraj, 2022). Predictive analytics and\r\nmachine learning help businesses anticipate market trends and supply chain\r\ndisruptions, allowing for proactive decision-making and resource allocation\r\n(Adesola et al., 2025; Thi, 2025; Hallikas et al., 2021; Raman et al., 2018;\r\nUsuemerai et al., 2024; Lee &amp; Mangalaraj, 2022).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Decision-Making\r\nand strategic planning</span></u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:\r\n150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Data-driven\r\ndecision-making enables procurement professionals to make informed choices\r\nabout supplier selection, contract negotiations, and risk management. With\r\naccess to real-time data and predictive analytics, businesses can respond\r\nquickly to changes in the market or supply chain. Data-driven decision-making\r\nempowers procurement professionals to make informed choices about supplier\r\nselection, contract negotiation, and risk management. Integrating data from\r\ndiverse sources (e.g., IoT devices, market intelligence) enables more accurate\r\nscenario analysis and strategic planning, which is crucial for businesses\r\noperating in volatile or rapidly growing markets (Thi, 2025; Hallikas et al.,\r\n2021; Usuemerai et al., 2024; Adebayo et al., 2024; Roßmann et al., 2017;\r\nPatrucco et al., 2023; Lee &amp; Mangalaraj, 2022). Digital procurement\r\ncapabilities, when combined with strong data analytics, directly improve supply\r\nchain performance and business success (Hallikas et al., 2021; Narwane et al.,\r\n2021; Adebayo et al., 2024; Patrucco et al., 2023).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Market\r\nResponsiveness and Innovation</span></u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Big\r\nData enables businesses to react swiftly to shifting market trends and customer\r\npreferences. By analyzing consumer behavior and sentiment, companies can\r\nidentify new opportunities and develop innovative products and\r\nservices.&nbsp;Big data allows emerging businesses to quickly adapt to changing\r\nmarket demands by identifying consumer trends and optimizing product delivery.\r\nReal-time data processing and analytics facilitate agile responses to\r\nfluctuations, helping businesses maintain customer satisfaction and gain a\r\ncompetitive edge (Thi, 2025; Rahman &amp; Fahim, 2018; Raman et al., 2018;\r\nUsuemerai et al., 2024; Huda et al., 2025; Lee &amp; Mangalaraj, 2022). In\r\nemerging markets, big data supports value creation and capture, enabling firms\r\nto discover new opportunities and innovate within their supply chains (Rahman\r\n&amp; Fahim, 2018; Narwane et al., 2021; Huda et al., 2025).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><b><i><u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">How\r\nBig Data is Transforming Procurement and Supply in <a name=\"_Hlk214104918\">Emerging\r\nBusinesses and Markets</a></span></u></i></b><b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">.</span></b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:\r\n150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">How\r\nbig data</span> is <span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">transforming Procurement and Supply in Emerging\r\nBusinesses and Markets is briefly explained as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Optimized\r\ninventory management</span></u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">By\r\nanalyzing historical sales patterns and real-time demand data, organizations\r\ncan optimize their inventory levels, reducing excess stock and minimizing\r\nwaste.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Streamlined\r\nlogistics operations</span></u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">&nbsp;Big\r\nData analytics helps businesses identify bottlenecks in their logistics\r\noperations and implement improvements to increase efficiency and reduce costs.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Improved\r\nrisk management</span></u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">&nbsp;With\r\naccess to real-time data on supply chain risks, organizations can take\r\nproactive measures to mitigate those risks, ensuring uninterrupted supply chain\r\noperations.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">New\r\nbusiness models and competitive advantage:</span></u><span style=\"font-size:\r\n12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">&nbsp;Big\r\nData enables businesses to discover new revenue streams and create innovative\r\nproducts and services, giving them a competitive advantage in their respective\r\nindustries.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Challenges\r\nand Limitations of Big Data in Procurement and Supply</span></b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Despite\r\nthe potential benefits of Big Data, there are several implementation challenges\r\nthat need to be addressed, including data quality issues, integration\r\ncomplexities, and cultural resistances to change. The challenge of big data\r\ninclude the following:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Data\r\nquality issues</span></u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Poor\r\ndata quality can lead to inaccurate predictions and flawed decision-making.\r\nEnsuring data accuracy and completeness is essential for effective Big Data\r\nanalysis.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Integration\r\ncomplexities</span></u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Integrating\r\ndata from various sources can be a challenge, particularly if the data is in\r\ndifferent formats or languages. Effective data integration techniques are\r\nnecessary to ensure seamless data flow.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Organizational\r\ncultural resistance</span></u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Some\r\norganizations may resist adopting Big Data technologies due to concerns around\r\nprivacy, security, or job displacement. Addressing these concerns through\r\neducation and training programs can help overcome cultural resistances.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Overcoming\r\nthese requires robust data governance, scalable technology, and a culture that\r\nvalues analytics (Adesola et al., 2025; Hallikas et al., 2021; For emerging\r\nbusinesses, limited resources and digital infrastructure can be significant\r\nhurdles, but targeted investments in analytics capabilities and digital\r\nplatforms can mitigate these issues (Hallikas et al., 2021; Narwane et al.,\r\n2021; Usuemerai et al., 2024; Handfield et al., 2019).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Best\r\nPractices for Leveraging Big Data in Procurement and Supply</span></b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">To\r\nmaximize the benefits of Big Data in procurement and supply, organizations\r\nshould follow best practices such as:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Building\r\na Culture of Data-Driven Decision-Making</span></u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Encourage\r\na culture of data-driven decision-making throughout the organization, involving\r\nstakeholders from all departments in the decision-making process.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Selecting\r\nthe Right Tools and Technologies:</span></u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Choose\r\nappropriate tools and technologies based on your organization\'s specific needs\r\nand budget constraints. Consider cloud-based solutions that offer flexibility\r\nand scalability.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Defining\r\nClear Objectives and Metrics:</span></u><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Establish\r\nclear objectives and metrics for measuring the success of your Big Data\r\ninitiatives. Regularly monitoring progress towards these goals can help you\r\nstay focused and adjust your strategy accordingly.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Conclusion</span></b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Big\r\ndata is a catalyst for operational excellence, strategic agility, and\r\ninnovation in procurement and supply, especially for emerging businesses and\r\nmarkets. Big Data is transforming procurement and supply chain management in\r\nemerging businesses and markets, offering significant efficiencies, cost\r\nsavings, and innovation opportunities. While there are challenges and\r\nlimitations to consider, successful deployment of Big Data technologies can\r\nprovide a competitive advantage in today\'s fast-paced business environment. By\r\nfollowing best practices and addressing implementation challenges,\r\norganizations can leverage the full potential of Big Data to drive growth and\r\nprofitability.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">References</span></b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Adesola,\r\nO., Taiwo, I., Adeyemi, D., Nwariaku, H., &amp; Abidola, A. (2025). Advancing\r\ndata-driven decision-making processes using big data analytics in procurement,\r\nproduction and distribution networks.&nbsp;<i>World Journal of Advanced\r\nResearch and Reviews</i>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.25.2.0419\">https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.25.2.0419</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Thi,\r\nH. (2025). Harnessing the power of Big Data: transforming market prediction and\r\nsupply chain optimization.&nbsp;<i>HPU2 Journal of Science: Natural Sciences\r\nand Technology</i>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.56764/hpu2.jos.2025.4.01.71-83\">https://doi.org/10.56764/hpu2.jos.2025.4.01.71-83</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Hallikas,\r\nJ., Immonen, M., &amp; Brax, S. (2021). Digitalizing procurement: the impact of\r\ndata analytics on supply chain performance.&nbsp;<i>Supply Chain Management: An\r\nInternational Journal</i>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1108/scm-05-2020-0201\">https://doi.org/10.1108/scm-05-2020-0201</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Rahman,\r\nA., &amp; Fahim, A. (2018). An Analysis of the Potential Applications of Big\r\nData Analytics (BDA) in Supply Chain Management: Emerging Market\r\nPerspective.&nbsp;<i>Developing Country Studies</i>, 8, 80-90.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Raman,\r\nS., Patwa, N., Niranjan, I., Ranjan, U., Moorthy, K., &amp; Mehta, A. (2018).\r\nImpact of big data on supply chain management.&nbsp;<i>International Journal of\r\nLogistics Research and Applications</i>, 21, 579 - 596.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2018.1459523\">https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2018.1459523</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Narwane,\r\nV., Raut, R., Yadav, V., Cheikhrouhou, N., Narkhede, B., &amp; Priyadarshinee,\r\nP. (2021). The role of big data for Supply Chain 4.0 in manufacturing\r\norganisations of developing countries.&nbsp;<i>J. Enterp. Inf. Manag.</i>, 34,\r\n1452-1480.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1108/jeim-11-2020-0463\">https://doi.org/10.1108/jeim-11-2020-0463</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Usuemerai,\r\nP., Ibikunle, O., Abass, L., Alemede, V., Nwankwo, E., &amp; Mbata, A. (2024).\r\nAdvanced supply chain optimization for emerging market healthcare\r\nsystems.&nbsp;<i>International Journal of Management &amp; Entrepreneurship\r\nResearch</i>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v6i10.1637\">https://doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v6i10.1637</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Adebayo,\r\nV., Paul, P., &amp; Eyo-Udo, N. (2024). The role of data analysis and reporting\r\nin modern procurement: Enhancing decision-making and supplier management.&nbsp;<i>International\r\nJournal of Management &amp; Entrepreneurship Research</i>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v6i7.1262\">https://doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v6i7.1262</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Roßmann,\r\nB., Canzaniello, A., Gracht, H., &amp; Hartmann, E. (2017). The future and\r\nsocial impact of Big Data Analytics in Supply Chain Management: Results from a\r\nDelphi study.&nbsp;<i>Technological Forecasting and Social Change</i>, 130,\r\n135-149.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.10.005\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.10.005</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Oncioiu,\r\nI., Bunget, O., Türkeș, M., Căpușneanu, S., Topor, D., Tamaș, A., Rakos, I.,\r\n&amp; Hint, M. (2019). The Impact of Big Data Analytics on Company Performance\r\nin Supply Chain Management.&nbsp;<i>Sustainability</i>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/su11184864\">https://doi.org/10.3390/su11184864</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Kache,\r\nF., &amp; Seuring, S. (2017). Challenges and opportunities of digital\r\ninformation at the intersection of Big Data Analytics and supply chain\r\nmanagement.&nbsp;<i>International Journal of Operations &amp; Production\r\nManagement</i>, 37, 10-36.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-02-2015-0078\">https://doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-02-2015-0078</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Patrucco,\r\nA., Marzi, G., &amp; Trabucchi, D. (2023). The role of absorptive capacity and\r\nbig data analytics in strategic purchasing and supply chain management\r\ndecisions.&nbsp;<i>Technovation</i>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102814\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102814</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Huda,\r\nM., Rahayu, A., Furqon, C., Sultan, M., Hartati, N., &amp; Sugiana, N. (2025).\r\nImproving Performance with Big Data: Smart Supply Chain and Market Orientation\r\nin SMEs.&nbsp;<i>International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and\r\nApplications</i>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.14569/ijacsa.2025.0160280\">https://doi.org/10.14569/ijacsa.2025.0160280</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Lee,\r\nI., &amp; Mangalaraj, G. (2022). Big Data Analytics in Supply Chain Management:\r\nA Systematic Literature Review and Research Directions.&nbsp;<i>Big Data Cogn.\r\nComput.</i>, 6, 17.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6010017\">https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6010017</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">Handfield,\r\nR., Jeong, S., &amp; Choi, T. (2019). Emerging procurement technology: data\r\nanalytics and cognitive analytics.&nbsp;<i>International Journal of Physical\r\nDistribution &amp; Logistics Management</i>, 49, 972-1002.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijpdlm-11-2017-0348\">https://doi.org/10.1108/ijpdlm-11-2017-0348</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 36pt; line-height: 150%;\">\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\">&nbsp;</span></p>', 'Big\r\ndata is reshaping procurement and supply functions, especially for emerging\r\nbusinesses and markets, by enabling smarter, faster, and more...', 9, 1, 'published', NULL, '2025-11-09 17:57:02', '2025-11-15 11:22:11', 'Clite Mutale (BBA, MBA, MCIPS)');
INSERT INTO `posts` (`id`, `title`, `slug`, `content`, `excerpt`, `category_id`, `author_id`, `status`, `featured_image`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `manual_author_name`) VALUES
(19, 'Discuss the impact of big data on the future skills and expectations placed on strategic procurement and supply leaders', 'discuss-the-impact-of-big-data-on-the-future-skills-and-expectations-placed-on-strategic-procurement-and-supply-leaders', '<img src=\"assets/images/6911c613d30af.png\" alt=\"Gemini_Generated_Image_jfs8vqjfs8vqjfs8 (2).png\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"><p><br></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Big data is fundamentally reshaping the landscape of\r\nprocurement and supply chain management, driving a shift in the skills and\r\nexpectations required of future leaders in these fields.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Evolving Skills for Strategic Leaders<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Big data analytics demands that procurement and supply leaders\r\ndevelop advanced analytical, technological, and strategic capabilities. Leaders\r\nmust be adept at integrating and interpreting data from diverse\r\nsources—internal systems, supplier databases, and external market\r\nintelligence—to inform high-level decision-making and drive innovation. This\r\nrequires proficiency in data science, predictive analytics, and digital tools,\r\nas well as the ability to translate complex data insights into actionable strategies.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Critical skills now include:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul style=\"margin-top:0cm\" type=\"disc\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Data-driven\r\n     decision-making and scenario analysis<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Mastery\r\n     of digital procurement platforms and analytics tools<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Agility\r\n     and adaptability to leverage real-time data for rapid response<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Strong\r\n     communication and integration skills to foster cross-functional\r\n     collaboration<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Strategic\r\n     thinking to align data insights with organizational goals<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n</ul><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Changing Expectations and Roles<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">The expectations placed on procurement and supply leaders are\r\nshifting from traditional operational oversight to strategic, value-adding\r\nroles. Leaders are now expected to:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul style=\"margin-top:0cm\" type=\"disc\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Drive\r\n     digital transformation and champion data-driven cultures within their\r\n     organizations<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Exploit\r\n     big data to enhance supplier management, risk mitigation, and cost\r\n     optimization<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Lead\r\n     the adoption of emerging technologies such as AI, blockchain, and\r\n     predictive analytics for greater transparency and efficiency<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Balance\r\n     automation with human judgment, emphasizing intuition, trust, and ethical\r\n     considerations in decision-making<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n</ul><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">As supply chain processes become increasingly automated,\r\nleaders must focus on higher-order tasks—such as strategic supplier\r\nrelationships, sustainability initiatives, and innovation—while ensuring robust\r\ndata governance and organizational adaptability.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Implications for the Future<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">The integration of big data analytics is expected to:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul style=\"margin-top:0cm\" type=\"disc\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Improve\r\n     demand forecasting, inventory control, and supplier performance management<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Enhance\r\n     supply chain agility, resilience, and competitiveness<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Require\r\n     ongoing upskilling and a shift toward continuous learning in digital and\r\n     analytical domains<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n</ul><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Key Skills and Expectations for Future Leaders<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"656\" style=\"width: 492.15pt; border: none;\">\r\n <thead>\r\n  <tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:22.05pt\">\r\n   <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); padding: 0cm 27pt 12pt 0cm; height: 22.05pt;\">\r\n   <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n   font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Skill/Expectation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>\r\n   </td>\r\n   <td valign=\"bottom\" style=\"border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-top-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-right-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-bottom-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-left: none; padding: 0cm 27pt 12pt 0cm; height: 22.05pt;\">\r\n   <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n   font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Description<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>\r\n   </td>\r\n  </tr>\r\n </thead>\r\n <tbody><tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:1;height:22.8pt\">\r\n  <td valign=\"top\" style=\"border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-bottom-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-left-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-top: none; padding: 6.85pt 27pt 6.85pt 0cm; height: 22.8pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n  &quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Data analytics &amp; digital literacy<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"top\" style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); padding: 6.85pt 27pt 6.85pt 0cm; height: 22.8pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n  &quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Ability to interpret and leverage big data for\r\n  decision-making<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:2;height:22.05pt\">\r\n  <td valign=\"top\" style=\"border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-bottom-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-left-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-top: none; padding: 6.85pt 27pt 6.85pt 0cm; height: 22.05pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n  &quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Strategic agility<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"top\" style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); padding: 6.85pt 27pt 6.85pt 0cm; height: 22.05pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n  &quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Rapid adaptation to data-driven insights and market changes<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:3;height:22.8pt\">\r\n  <td valign=\"top\" style=\"border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-bottom-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-left-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-top: none; padding: 6.85pt 27pt 6.85pt 0cm; height: 22.8pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n  &quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Cross-functional collaboration<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"top\" style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); padding: 6.85pt 27pt 6.85pt 0cm; height: 22.8pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n  &quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Integrating data across departments and with external\r\n  partners<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:4;height:22.8pt\">\r\n  <td valign=\"top\" style=\"border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-bottom-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-left-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-top: none; padding: 6.85pt 27pt 6.85pt 0cm; height: 22.8pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n  &quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Technology adoption leadership<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"top\" style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); padding: 6.85pt 27pt 6.85pt 0cm; height: 22.8pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n  &quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Driving digital transformation and embracing new\r\n  technologies<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n <tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:22.8pt\">\r\n  <td valign=\"top\" style=\"border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-bottom-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-left-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-top: none; padding: 6.85pt 27pt 6.85pt 0cm; height: 22.8pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n  &quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Ethical and critical thinking<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n  <td valign=\"top\" style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(228, 228, 231); padding: 6.85pt 27pt 6.85pt 0cm; height: 22.8pt;\">\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n  &quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Balancing automation with human judgment and ethical\r\n  oversight<o:p></o:p></span></p>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Figure&nbsp;1</span></b><span style=\"font-size:\r\n12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">&nbsp;Table summarizing\r\nfuture skills and expectations for procurement leaders in the era of big data.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Big data is redefining the competencies and expectations for\r\nstrategic procurement and supply leaders, emphasizing advanced analytics,\r\ndigital fluency, and strategic vision. Leaders who cultivate these skills will\r\nbe best positioned to drive value and innovation in increasingly complex,\r\ndata-driven supply chains.<o:p></o:p></span></p>', 'Big data is fundamentally reshaping the landscape of\r\nprocurement and supply chain management, driving a shift in the skills and\r\nexpectations...', 9, 1, 'published', NULL, '2025-11-10 10:41:05', '2025-11-10 11:15:52', 'Clite Mutale (BBA, MBA, MCIPS)'),
(20, 'Evaluate the future challenges of big data for the procurement and supply profession.', 'evaluate-the-future-challenges-of-big-data-for-the-procurement-and-supply-profession-', '<img src=\"assets/images/6911c95983556.png\" alt=\"Gemini_Generated_Image_jfs8vqjfs8vqjfs8 (2).png\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify\"><br></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Big Data has revolutionized\r\nvarious industries, including procurement and supply chain management. However,\r\nas the volume, variety, and velocity of data continue to increase, new\r\nchallenges are emerging that will impact the procurement and supply function in\r\nthe future:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n     font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Data Quality Issues: With more data being\r\n     generated from various sources, ensuring data quality becomes increasingly\r\n     important. Poor-quality data can lead to incorrect analysis,\r\n     decision-making, and ultimately, suboptimal business outcomes. Procurement\r\n     and supply teams must invest in data validation, cleansing, and\r\n     standardization processes to maintain high data quality.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n     font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Privacy Concerns: As organizations collect\r\n     and analyze larger amounts of personal or sensitive information (e.g.,\r\n     employee data, customer data), they need to ensure compliance with privacy\r\n     regulations like GDPR, CCPA, etc. Failure to do so may result in hefty\r\n     penalties, reputational damage, and loss of trust among stakeholders.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n     font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Cybersecurity Threats: The increased reliance\r\n     on digital technologies and data storage systems creates an expanded\r\n     attack surface for cybercriminals. Procurement and supply teams must\r\n     implement robust security measures, such as encryption, access controls,\r\n     and incident response plans, to protect their data against potential\r\n     threats.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n     font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Skills Shortages: As the complexity of data\r\n     analytics grows, there is a growing demand for skilled professionals who\r\n     can interpret and act upon insights derived from large datasets. Filling\r\n     these skill gaps through training programs, hiring external experts, or\r\n     partnering with specialist firms will be crucial for companies to remain\r\n     competitive.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n     font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Overload of Information: With the sheer\r\n     amount of available data constantly increasing, it\'s becoming harder for\r\n     procurement and supply teams to identify relevant insights and make\r\n     informed decisions. Advanced analytical techniques, such as predictive modeling\r\n     and machine learning, can help sift through the noise and extract valuable\r\n     patterns, but require significant investments in technology and talent.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n     font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Integration Challenges: Connecting different\r\n     data sources and systems within an organization remains a challenge,\r\n     particularly when legacy systems are involved. Ensuring seamless\r\n     integration between data sources, tools, and platforms is essential for\r\n     effective data analysis and strategic decision-making.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n     font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Ethical Considerations: As AI and machine\r\n     learning become more prevalent in procurement and supply operations,\r\n     ethical concerns arise regarding algorithmic bias, transparency,\r\n     accountability, and fairness. Organizations should establish clear\r\n     guidelines and frameworks to address these issues proactively.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n     font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Scalability Limitations: As the size and\r\n     complexity of data sets grow exponentially, traditional processing methods\r\n     might struggle to keep up. New architectures and distributed computing\r\n     approaches, such as cloud-based solutions, will be necessary to handle\r\n     massive volumes of data efficiently.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n     font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Regulatory Compliance: Increasing regulatory\r\n     requirements, such as anti-money laundering (AML) and know your supplier\r\n     (KYC) laws, necessitate greater oversight and monitoring capabilities.\r\n     Procurement and supply teams must stay abreast of changing legal landscapes\r\n     and adapt their systems accordingly.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n     font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Talent Retention: Attracting and retaining\r\n     top data science talent is critical for long-term success in leveraging\r\n     big data in procurement and supply. Offering competitive compensation\r\n     packages, fostering a collaborative work environment, and providing opportunities\r\n     for professional growth will help organizations build and maintain a\r\n     strong team.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n     font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Continuous Learning Culture: The rapid pace\r\n     of technological advancements demands a culture of continuous learning and\r\n     adaptation within procurement and supply organizations. Encouraging\r\n     experimentation, sharing best practices, and investing in upskilling\r\n     initiatives will help teams stay ahead of the curve.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\n     tab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n     font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Stakeholder Buy-in: Securing buy-in from all\r\n     levels of the organization, including senior leadership and end-users, is\r\n     crucial for successful implementation of big data strategies. Effective\r\n     communication, demonstrating tangible benefits, and involving stakeholders\r\n     throughout the process will help garner support and ensure lasting\r\n     adoption.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n</ol><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">By understanding these\r\nchallenges, procurement and supply professionals can better prepare themselves\r\nto tackle the complexities of managing big data and leverage its full potential\r\nto drive innovation, efficiency, and sustainable growth.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">&nbsp;</span></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">&nbsp;</span></p>', 'Big Data has revolutionized\r\nvarious industries, including procurement and supply chain management. However,\r\nas the volume, variety, and velocity of...', 9, 1, 'published', NULL, '2025-11-10 11:15:37', '2025-11-10 11:15:37', 'Clite Mutale (BBA, MBA, MCIPS)'),
(21, 'Animal Food Safety and Hygiene Management', 'animal-food-safety-and-hygiene-management', '<img src=\"assets/images/6913ce57b6a6f.png\" alt=\"Gemini_Generated_Image_nhzk8hnhzk8hnhzk (1).png\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"><p><br></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">This lesson focuses on ensuring safe food handling and\r\nmaintaining strict hygiene standards. The lesson objective include to\r\nunderstand: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Principles of\r\nfood safety and hygiene <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Food handling\r\nprocedures <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hygiene\r\nstandards and regulations <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HACCP (Hazard\r\nAnalysis and Critical Control Points) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Personal\r\nhygiene for staff <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cleaning and\r\nsanitation protocols<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Ensuring the safety and hygiene of crocodile feed is a\r\ncritical component of effective animal care, particularly in farming or\r\ncommercial settings. This process involves systematic approaches to mitigate\r\nbiological, physical, and chemical hazards, aligning with internationally\r\nrecognized food safety protocols like Hazard Analysis and Critical Control\r\nPoints (HACCP). Below is a detailed analysis of key aspects related to\r\ncrocodile feed safety and hygiene management:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Principles of Food Safety and Hygiene<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Food safety and hygiene for crocodile feed emphasize\r\nsystematic control of contamination risks to protect both animal health and\r\nproduct integrity. Key principles include:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Preventing\r\n     Contamination:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n     font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\"> This involves identifying potential sources\r\n     of biological (e.g., pathogens), chemical (e.g., pesticide residues), and\r\n     physical hazards (e.g., foreign objects).<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Cross-Contamination\r\n     Prevention: </span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n     font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Ensuring raw and processed materials are kept\r\n     separate during storage and preparation.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Temperature Control:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">\r\n     Maintaining appropriate temperatures during storage, transportation, and\r\n     feed preparation minimizes microorganism proliferation.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Traceability:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">\r\n     Employing robust tracking mechanisms to monitor the sourcing and\r\n     distribution of feed ingredients. Advanced techniques, like DNA-based\r\n     traceability markers used in cattle (Zhao et al., 2018), can be adapted\r\n     for reptilian feed systems.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n</ol><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Food Handling Procedures<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Proper food handling procedures are vital to minimize risks.\r\nSpecific protocols include:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Raw Material\r\n     Selection</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\n     font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">: Sources must be verified to be free from\r\n     contaminants like mycotoxins or harmful bacteria often associated with\r\n     feed ingredients (Paramithiotis et al., 2009)(Ghaemmaghami, 2024).<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Storage Requirements</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">:\r\n     Feed must be stored in cool, dry environments to reduce spoilage risks,\r\n     with humidity monitored using tools like microfluidics-based detection\r\n     systems (Jyothish et al., 2024).<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Preparation Practices</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">: Processing\r\n     (e.g., grinding, mixing) should follow procedures designed to avoid\r\n     contamination. For instance, ultrasound cleaning and other advanced\r\n     techniques can be applied to sterilize preparation devices (Chemat &amp;\r\n     Hoarau, 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Employee Training:</span></b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\"> Staff\r\n     should be properly trained in techniques such as avoiding bare-hand\r\n     contact with feed and using sanitized tools.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n</ol><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Hygiene Standards and Regulations<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Regulations for crocodile feed safety often align with global\r\nframeworks governing animal feed. These include:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Good Manufacturing\r\n     Practices (GMP):** Ensures that all processes, from sourcing to final\r\n     preparation, meet predefined quality and safety benchmarks (Laktičová et\r\n     al., 2020).<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">**ISO 22000:** A\r\n     standard for food safety management systems applicable to feed production,\r\n     including the establishment of critical control points (Nguyen et al.,\r\n     2024).<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Specific Animal Feed\r\n     Legislation:** In some jurisdictions, specialized rules ensure feed\r\n     formulations are toxin- and pathogen-free to avoid bioaccumulation in\r\n     crocodilian meat.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n</ol><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left:36.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;\r\nline-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Government inspection routines\r\nand international harmonization of standards play crucial roles in enforcing\r\ncompliance and ensuring feed safety across global trade chains.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control\r\nPoints)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">The HACCP system provides a structured framework to identify\r\nand control hazards in crocodile feed production. Applying HACCP involves:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Hazard Analysis:\r\n     Identifying potential risks, such as Salmonella or aflatoxin contamination\r\n     (Zhang, 2012)(Ngure et al., 2024).<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Critical Control\r\n     Points (CCPs): These include storage conditions or blending practices,\r\n     where contamination risks are highest and must be controlled effectively.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Monitoring\r\n     Procedures: For example, checking aflatoxin levels in feedstock and\r\n     maintaining real-time temperature logs during feed storage (Ngure et al.,\r\n     2024).<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Corrective Actions:\r\n     Establishing guidelines for handling non-compliance, such as rejecting\r\n     contaminated batches or re-processing feed.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Documentation:\r\n     Keeping detailed records for audits and traceability.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n</ol><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">&nbsp;Personal\r\nHygiene for Staff<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Staff adherence to strict hygiene protocols ensures that\r\nhandlers do not inadvertently introduce contaminants into the feed. Key\r\nmeasures include:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">&nbsp;</span></p><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Handwashing: Using\r\n     antimicrobial soaps before and after handling feed materials reduces risks\r\n     of contamination.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Protective Clothing:\r\n     Such as gloves, aprons, and masks to prevent direct contact with feed.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Health Screening:\r\n     Regular checks of staff health, with exclusion of workers displaying\r\n     symptoms of infection or illness.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Training Programs:\r\n     Frequent educational modules on best practices in feed hygiene and\r\n     contamination prevention reinforce adherence.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n</ol><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Cleaning and Sanitation Protocols<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Routine cleaning and sanitation measures are crucial for\r\nmaintaining hygienic environments during feed preparation and storage.\r\nEffective strategies include:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ol style=\"margin-top:0cm\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Daily Cleaning\r\n     Routines: Food contact surfaces, preparation areas, and utensils should be\r\n     disinfected daily using safe, highly effective agents that do not leave\r\n     residues harmful to reptiles or feed integrity.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Deep Cleaning Cycles:\r\n     Periodic thorough cleaning of storage areas, vehicles, and processing\r\n     equipment minimizes long-term accumulation of pathogens.<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Design of Facilities:\r\n     Smooth, non-porous food-contact surfaces reduce microbial adherence and\r\n     simplify cleaning efforts. Employing smart sensors or HACCP-integrated\r\n     monitoring tools can further ensure sanitation effectiveness (Wallace,\r\n     2024)(Beumer et al., 1994).<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n <li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:\r\n     10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Biofilm Management:\r\n     Since biofilms can harbor resistant pathogens, advanced cleaning methods\r\n     (e.g., enzymatic cleaners or phage-based treatments) should be\r\n     incorporated where necessary (Ranveer et al., 2024).<o:p></o:p></span></li>\r\n</ol><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Comprehensive management of crocodile feed safety and hygiene\r\ndemands the implementation of structured protocols such as HACCP and adherence\r\nto international best practices. Additional attention to staff training,\r\ncleaning processes, and regulatory compliance will further reduce risks,\r\npromote animal health, and ensure the sustainable production of crocodile\r\nproducts.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;\r\nfont-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">References <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Zhao, J., Li, T., Xu, Z., Wang, Z., Yang, S., &amp; Chen, A.\r\n(2018). AFLP markers for meat traceability of cattle in the Chinese\r\nmarket.&nbsp;<i>Food Control</i>,&nbsp;<i>91</i>, 421–426. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.022\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.022</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Paramithiotis, S., Pappa, A. M., Drosinos, E. H., &amp;\r\nZoiopoulos, P. E. (2009). Microbiological, physico-chemical and safety\r\nparameters of cereal-based animal diets.&nbsp;<i>Quality Assurance and Safety\r\nof Crops &amp;amp; Foods</i>,&nbsp;<i>1</i>(3), 170–178. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-837x.2009.00028.x\">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-837x.2009.00028.x</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Ghaemmaghami, S. S. (2024). A glance of feed hygiene and\r\nimportance of mycotoxins in poultry feedstuffs.&nbsp;<i>World’s Poultry Science\r\nJournal</i>,&nbsp;<i>80</i>(4), 1009–1015. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2024.2384866\">https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2024.2384866</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Jyothish, L., Kazi, S., &amp; Gokhale, J. S. (2024).\r\nMicrofluidics for detection of food pathogens: recent trends and\r\nopportunities.&nbsp;<i>Journal of Food Science and Technology</i>,&nbsp;<i>61</i>(12),\r\n2243–2262. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-024-06058-1\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-024-06058-1</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Chemat, F., &amp; Hoarau, N. (2004). Hazard analysis and\r\ncritical control point (HACCP) for an ultrasound food processing\r\noperation.&nbsp;<i>Ultrasonics Sonochemistry</i>,&nbsp;<i>11</i>(3–4), 257–260.\r\n<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2004.01.016\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2004.01.016</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Veszelits Laktičová, K., Vargová, M., Sasáková, N., &amp; Zigo,\r\nF. (2020). Assessment of the Hygiene Level in the Dairy Processing Plant.&nbsp;<i>Asian\r\nJournal of Agriculture and Food Sciences</i>,&nbsp;<i>8</i>(6). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.24203/ajafs.v8i6.6438\">https://doi.org/10.24203/ajafs.v8i6.6438</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Zhang, W. (2012).&nbsp;<i>Application of HACCP in the Food\r\nSafety System During Important Missions for the Armed Police Forces</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">Wallace, C. A. (2024). Food Safety Assurance Systems Hazard\r\nAnalysis and Critical Control Point System (HACCP): Principles and Practice.\r\nIn&nbsp;<i>Encyclopedia of Food Safety</i>&nbsp;(pp. 91–108). Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-822521-9.00226-4\">https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-822521-9.00226-4</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\r\n&quot;Poppins&quot;,serif\">&nbsp;</span></p>', 'This lesson focuses on ensuring safe food handling and\r\nmaintaining strict hygiene standards. The lesson objective include to\r\nunderstand:...', 6, 1, 'published', NULL, '2025-11-12 00:01:27', '2025-11-12 00:07:44', 'Clite Mutale (BBA, MBA, MCIPS)'),
(22, '1.1       Analyse Aspects of Organisational Behaviour', '1-1-analyse-aspects-of-organisational-behaviour', '<h2 style=\"margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1\"><br></h2>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"MsoTableGrid\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"661\" style=\"width: 496.1pt; border: none;\">\r\n <tbody><tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;\r\n  height:63.05pt\">\r\n  <td width=\"661\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 496.1pt; border-width: 1pt; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(217, 217, 217); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 63.05pt;\">\r\n  <h2>Question 1: Examine how the behaviour of individuals within an\r\n  organisation can influence overall organisational performance. Use\r\n  appropriate theory to support your answer. [25 Marks]<o:p></o:p></h2>\r\n  </td>\r\n </tr>\r\n</tbody></table>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:8.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:\r\n144%\">Organisational behaviour is the study of how individuals and groups act\r\nwithin organisations and how these actions affect organisational performance.\r\nChampoux (2016) notes that \'organisational behaviour\' refers to the behaviour\r\nof people within organisations - organisations themselves do not behave. In\r\nprocurement contexts, understanding this link is paramount. This essay examines\r\nhow individual behaviour influences organisational performance through\r\nengagement, motivation, personality, and culture.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:8.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:\r\n144%\">Individual behaviour impacts organisational performance through employee\r\nengagement, representing motivation and dedication towards job and\r\norganisation. Gallup (2023) research indicates highly engaged workforces\r\nexperience 21% higher productivity and 22% higher profitability. Engaged\r\nprocurement professionals identify cost savings, build supplier relationships,\r\nand contribute to strategic initiatives. The effort-discretion model (Purcell\r\net al., 2003) suggests engaged individuals exercise greater discretionary\r\neffort, working harder because they feel genuine connection to organisational\r\ngoals. Therefore, individual engagement directly translates to enhanced\r\norganisational performance through improved productivity.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:8.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:\r\n144%\">Individual motivation levels influence organisational performance through\r\ntheories including Maslow\'s Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg\'s Two-Factor\r\nTheory. Herzberg (1959) identified \'motivators\' such as achievement and\r\nrecognition creating genuine job satisfaction. In procurement, professionals\r\ngiven autonomy and recognition demonstrate higher performance. Deci and Ryan\'s\r\nSelf-Determination Theory (1985) suggest intrinsic motivation produces\r\nsustainable performance improvements as individuals internalise work value. Consequently,\r\naddressing individual motivational needs is essential for optimising\r\norganisational performance.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:8.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:\r\n144%\">Individual personality characteristics influence organisational\r\nperformance through team dynamics and decision-making, as captured in the Big\r\nFive model. Costa and McCrae (1992) identified Openness, Conscientiousness,\r\nExtraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN). Barrick and Mount (1991)\r\nfound Conscientiousness strongest predictor of performance. In procurement,\r\nconscientious individuals maintain accurate records and meet deadlines.\r\nHowever, situational factors moderate personality-performance relationships. Thus,\r\nmanagers must consider personality fit in team composition.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:8.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:\r\n144%\">Collective individual behaviour shapes organisational culture, which\r\ninfluences performance through Schein\'s (2010) culture model. Kotter and\r\nHeskett (1992) found organisations with strong, adaptive cultures significantly\r\noutperformed those with weak cultures. In procurement, ethical, collaborative\r\nbehaviour enhances reputation. Social learning theory (Bandura, 1977) explains\r\nhow individuals observe and imitate behaviours from leaders, embedding cultural\r\npatterns. Therefore, individual behaviour contributes to cultural formation\r\ndetermining long-term performance.<o:p></o:p></p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:8.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:\r\n144%\">In conclusion, individual behaviour exerts profound influence over\r\norganisational performance through engagement, motivation, personality, and\r\ncultural formation. For procurement managers, these insights highlight the\r\nimportance of creating environments fostering engagement, addressing\r\nmotivational needs, and cultivating positive cultural norms. By understanding\r\nand positively influencing individual behaviour, managers significantly enhance\r\norganisational performance.<o:p></o:p></p>', '\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n  \r\n  Question 1: Examine how the behaviour of individuals within an\r\n  organisation can influence overall organisational performance. Use\r\n ...', 4, 7, 'published', NULL, '2026-03-09 23:51:31', '2026-03-10 03:44:39', NULL);

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(4, 'CIPS L4M4', '\"Supply chains can be found within three main industry sectors. Describe each of these sectors, provide examples of the activities within them, and explain how they work together to form a complete supply chain.\"', 'short_answer', 'medium', 25.00, NULL, 1, NULL, 5, NULL, 'Paris is the capital and most populous city of France', '[\"European country\",\"Famous landmarks\"]', '[]', 'draft', 'not_submitted', 0, 0.00, 1, '2025-11-29 16:36:37', '2025-12-01 23:53:25'),
(29, 'What is the supply chain management', 'what is', 'essay', 'medium', 1.00, NULL, 9, NULL, 5, '[]', '', '[]', '[]', 'approved', 'approved', 0, 0.00, 1, '2025-11-30 04:21:13', '2025-12-01 23:53:25'),
(30, 'What is PHP?', 'PHP is a server-side scripting language used for web development.', 'mcq_single', 'easy', 1.00, NULL, 7, NULL, 1, NULL, 'PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor', '[\"Server-side\",\"Scripting\",\"Web development\"]', NULL, 'approved', 'approved', 0, 0.00, 1, '2025-12-01 14:44:22', '2025-12-01 15:21:37'),
(31, 'What does HTML stand for?', 'HTML stands for [blank].', 'fill_blanks', 'easy', 1.00, NULL, 8, NULL, 1, NULL, 'HyperText Markup Language', '[\"HyperText\",\"Markup\",\"Language\"]', NULL, 'approved', 'approved', 0, 0.00, 1, '2025-12-01 14:44:23', '2025-12-01 15:21:37'),
(32, 'What is clite', 'Select all that apply:', 'mcq_multiple', 'medium', 2.00, NULL, 7, NULL, 1, NULL, 'Multiple programming languages were listed', '[\"Look for languages used for software development\"]', '{\"options\":[\"Python\",\"JavaScript\",\"HTML\",\"CSS\",\"Java\"],\"correct_options\":[\"0\",\"4\"]}', 'approved', 'approved', 0, 0.00, 1, '2025-12-01 14:44:23', '2025-12-28 01:50:50'),
(33, 'What is the capital of France?', 'What is the capital city of France?', 'short_answer', 'easy', 1.00, NULL, 9, NULL, 1, NULL, 'Paris is the capital and most populous city of France', '[\"European country\",\"Famous landmarks\"]', NULL, 'approved', 'approved', 0, 0.00, 1, '2025-12-01 14:44:23', '2025-12-01 15:21:37'),
(34, 'Match the HTTP status codes:', 'Match the status codes with their meanings:', 'matching', 'medium', 3.00, NULL, 8, NULL, 1, NULL, 'HTTP status codes indicate the result of an HTTP request', '[\"200 OK\",\"404 Not Found\",\"500 Internal Server Error\"]', NULL, 'approved', 'approved', 0, 0.00, 1, '2025-12-01 14:44:23', '2025-12-01 15:21:37'),
(35, 'Write a function to calculate factorial', 'Write a recursive function in JavaScript that calculates the factorial of a number.', 'code', 'hard', 5.00, NULL, 7, NULL, 1, NULL, 'Factorial of n is n * (n-1) * ... * 1', '[\"Recursion\",\"Base case\",\"Mathematical function\"]', NULL, 'approved', 'approved', 0, 0.00, 1, '2025-12-01 14:44:23', '2025-12-01 15:21:37'),
(36, 'Is PHP case-sensitive?', 'True or False: PHP is a case-sensitive programming language.', 'true_false', 'medium', 1.00, NULL, 7, NULL, 1, NULL, 'PHP is not case-sensitive for variable names but is for function names', '[\"Variable names\",\"Function names\",\"Case sensitivity\"]', NULL, 'approved', 'approved', 0, 0.00, 1, '2025-12-01 14:44:23', '2025-12-01 15:21:37'),
(37, 'Identify one inventory risk', 'Identify one inventory risk', 'mcq_single', 'medium', 1.00, NULL, 8, NULL, 5, '[]', '', '[]', '{\"options\":[\"Theft\",\"House\",\"rest\",\"human\"],\"correct_options\":[\"0\"]}', 'approved', 'approved', 0, 0.00, 0, '2025-12-11 10:26:43', '2025-12-11 10:34:50'),
(38, 'Which of the following are characteristics of a warehouse?', 'Which of the following are characteristics of a warehouse?', 'mcq_multiple', 'medium', 1.00, NULL, 7, NULL, 5, '[]', '', '[]', '{\"options\":[\"1\",\"2\",\"3\",\"mic\"],\"correct_options\":[\"0\",\"1\"]}', 'approved', 'approved', 0, 0.00, 0, '2025-12-11 10:29:06', '2025-12-28 01:56:15'),
(39, 'What is Nash', 'Which of the following are characteristics of a warehouse?\r\n1. A local storage facility for serving immediate requirements\r\n2. Small in size\r\n3. Not connected to manufacturing or retailing \r\n4. A large scale storage facility', 'matching', 'medium', 1.00, NULL, 7, NULL, 5, '[]', '', '[]', '{\"matching_pairs\":{\"Theft\":\"Avoid\",\"Fire\":\"Transfer\",\"loss\":\"mitigate\"}}', 'approved', 'approved', 0, 0.00, 1, '2025-12-11 10:32:18', '2025-12-28 03:03:59'),
(40, 'Which of the following are programming languages?', 'Select all that apply:', 'mcq_multiple', 'medium', 2.00, NULL, 7, NULL, 1, NULL, 'Multiple programming languages were listed', '[\"Look for languages used for software development\"]', NULL, 'approved', 'approved', 0, 0.00, 1, '2026-01-03 02:50:01', '2026-01-03 02:50:01');

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(16, 38, 2, NULL, '2026-01-07', 1, 0, 1, 0, 0.00, '2026-01-07 14:02:45'),
(17, 39, 2, NULL, '2026-01-07', 1, 0, 1, 0, 0.00, '2026-01-07 14:02:45');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `question_categories`
--

CREATE TABLE `question_categories` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `slug` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `description` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `parent_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `color` varchar(20) DEFAULT '#007bff',
  `is_active` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `question_categories`
--

INSERT INTO `question_categories` (`id`, `name`, `slug`, `description`, `parent_id`, `color`, `is_active`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 'LO 4.1.1', 'lo-411', NULL, NULL, '#007bff', 1, '2025-11-29 16:36:37', '2025-11-29 16:36:37'),
(2, 'LO 4.1.2', 'lo-412', NULL, NULL, '#007bff', 1, '2025-11-29 16:36:37', '2025-11-29 16:36:37'),
(3, 'LO 4.1.3', 'lo-413', NULL, NULL, '#007bff', 1, '2025-11-29 16:36:37', '2025-11-29 16:36:37'),
(4, 'LO 4.1.4', 'lo-414', NULL, NULL, '#007bff', 1, '2025-11-29 16:36:37', '2025-11-29 16:36:37'),
(5, 'LO: 4.1.5', 'lo-415', NULL, NULL, '#007bff', 1, '2025-11-29 16:36:37', '2025-11-29 16:36:37'),
(6, 'LO: 4.1.6', 'lo-416', NULL, NULL, '#007bff', 1, '2025-11-29 16:36:37', '2025-11-29 16:36:37'),
(7, 'Programming', 'programming', NULL, NULL, '#007bff', 1, '2025-11-29 17:50:36', '2025-11-29 17:50:36'),
(8, 'Web Development', 'web-development', NULL, NULL, '#007bff', 1, '2025-11-29 17:50:36', '2025-11-29 17:50:36'),
(9, 'Geography', 'geography', NULL, NULL, '#007bff', 1, '2025-11-29 17:50:36', '2025-11-29 17:50:36');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `question_options`
--

CREATE TABLE `question_options` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `question_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `option_text` longtext NOT NULL,
  `option_value` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `match_value` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `is_correct` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `sort_order` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `question_options`
--

INSERT INTO `question_options` (`id`, `question_id`, `option_text`, `option_value`, `match_value`, `is_correct`, `sort_order`, `created_at`) VALUES
(1, 30, 'PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor', NULL, NULL, 1, 0, '2025-12-01 14:44:22'),
(2, 30, 'Personal Home Page', NULL, NULL, 0, 1, '2025-12-01 14:44:22'),
(3, 30, 'Pre-Hypertext Processor', NULL, NULL, 0, 2, '2025-12-01 14:44:22'),
(4, 30, 'Public HTML Page', NULL, NULL, 0, 3, '2025-12-01 14:44:23'),
(10, 34, '200', 'OK', NULL, 0, 0, '2025-12-01 14:44:23'),
(11, 34, '404', 'Not Found', NULL, 0, 1, '2025-12-01 14:44:23'),
(12, 34, '500', 'Internal Server Error', NULL, 0, 2, '2025-12-01 14:44:23'),
(13, 36, 'True', NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-12-01 14:44:23'),
(14, 36, 'False', NULL, NULL, 1, 1, '2025-12-01 14:44:23'),
(15, 37, 'Theft', NULL, NULL, 1, 0, '2025-12-11 10:26:43'),
(16, 37, 'House', NULL, NULL, 0, 1, '2025-12-11 10:26:43'),
(17, 37, 'rest', NULL, NULL, 0, 2, '2025-12-11 10:26:43'),
(18, 37, 'human', NULL, NULL, 0, 3, '2025-12-11 10:26:43'),
(32, 32, 'Python', NULL, NULL, 1, 0, '2025-12-28 01:50:50'),
(33, 32, 'JavaScript', NULL, NULL, 0, 1, '2025-12-28 01:50:50'),
(34, 32, 'HTML', NULL, NULL, 0, 2, '2025-12-28 01:50:50'),
(35, 32, 'CSS', NULL, NULL, 0, 3, '2025-12-28 01:50:50'),
(36, 32, 'Java', NULL, NULL, 1, 4, '2025-12-28 01:50:50'),
(44, 38, '1', NULL, NULL, 1, 0, '2025-12-28 01:56:15'),
(45, 38, '2', NULL, NULL, 1, 1, '2025-12-28 01:56:15'),
(46, 38, '3', NULL, NULL, 0, 2, '2025-12-28 01:56:15'),
(47, 38, 'mic', NULL, NULL, 0, 3, '2025-12-28 01:56:15'),
(48, 39, 'Theft', 'Avoid', NULL, 0, 0, '2025-12-28 03:04:00'),
(49, 39, 'Fire', 'Transfer', NULL, 0, 1, '2025-12-28 03:04:00'),
(50, 39, 'loss', 'mitigate', NULL, 0, 2, '2025-12-28 03:04:00'),
(51, 40, 'Python', NULL, NULL, 1, 0, '2026-01-03 02:50:01'),
(52, 40, 'JavaScript', NULL, NULL, 1, 1, '2026-01-03 02:50:01'),
(53, 40, 'HTML', NULL, NULL, 0, 2, '2026-01-03 02:50:01'),
(54, 40, 'CSS', NULL, NULL, 0, 3, '2026-01-03 02:50:01'),
(55, 40, 'Java', NULL, NULL, 1, 4, '2026-01-03 02:50:01');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `question_reviews`
--

CREATE TABLE `question_reviews` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `question_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `reviewer_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `review_status` enum('approved','needs_revision','rejected') NOT NULL,
  `comments` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `reviewed_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `question_tags`
--

CREATE TABLE `question_tags` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `slug` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `color` varchar(20) DEFAULT '#6c757d',
  `description` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `usage_count` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `question_tag_assignments`
--

CREATE TABLE `question_tag_assignments` (
  `question_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `tag_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `assigned_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `scorm_packages`
--

CREATE TABLE `scorm_packages` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `course_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `lesson_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `package_name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `package_path` varchar(500) NOT NULL,
  `manifest_path` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
  `version` varchar(20) DEFAULT '1.2',
  `launch_url` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
  `mastery_score` decimal(5,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `max_time_allowed` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `is_active` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
  `created_by` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `site_settings`
--

CREATE TABLE `site_settings` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `setting_key` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `setting_value` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `site_settings`
--

INSERT INTO `site_settings` (`id`, `setting_key`, `setting_value`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 'site_logo', 'assets/images/logo_1757657555.jpg', '2025-09-12 00:25:26', '2025-09-12 06:12:35'),
(2, 'site_name', 'Mutalex Academy', '2025-09-12 00:25:26', '2025-09-12 00:25:26'),
(8, 'slideshow_images', '[{\"url\":\"assets\\/images\\/slideshow\\/slide_1763200464_6576.png\",\"title\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"source\":\"upload\"}]', '2025-11-05 17:10:05', '2025-11-15 09:54:24');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `system_settings`
--

CREATE TABLE `system_settings` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `setting_key` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `setting_value` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `system_settings`
--

INSERT INTO `system_settings` (`id`, `setting_key`, `setting_value`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 'app_name', 'Inventory Count System', '2026-02-17 00:18:58'),
(2, 'logo_url', '', '2026-02-17 00:18:58'),
(3, 'company_name', 'Your Company', '2026-02-17 00:18:58'),
(4, 'support_email', 'support@company.com', '2026-02-17 00:18:58');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `users`
--

CREATE TABLE `users` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `username` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `email` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `password` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `role` enum('admin','instructor','student','guest') DEFAULT 'student',
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `email_verified` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `email_verification_token` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `password_reset_token` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `password_reset_expires` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `last_login` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `failed_login_attempts` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `account_locked_until` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `users`
--

INSERT INTO `users` (`id`, `username`, `email`, `password`, `role`, `created_at`, `email_verified`, `email_verification_token`, `password_reset_token`, `password_reset_expires`, `last_login`, `failed_login_attempts`, `account_locked_until`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 'admin', 'admin@blog.com', '$2y$10$77V/RbCDGLWQtFDi30FYQ.i6aEh2Ed01EU.el8A7Mk6Vcia8IKTvS', 'admin', '2025-09-10 03:45:35', 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, '2025-11-24 22:50:14'),
(4, 'Clarice', 'mutalexzw@gmail.com', '$2y$10$LvXsunDDQyyCt8MIXcJEq.oSlkDNYoZIqwbv2bUMtfvCLdg2zjJLu', 'student', '2025-11-24 22:48:51', 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, '2025-11-24 22:50:14'),
(5, 'Instructor', 'admin@example.com', '$2y$10$XUAHYnK5cObmuywJ2HYExOsy31WK2SZln6a75aVdNvtWKtmJofx76', 'instructor', '2025-11-24 22:52:57', 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, '2025-11-24 22:52:57'),
(6, 'Chipo', 'clitemuta@gmail.com', '$2y$10$ITk5XetN7Eay4wD9.zqwn.tecAkgrznC52Q/M/1V.JyFWtImx97Ie', 'student', '2025-11-25 13:56:16', 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, '2025-11-25 13:56:16'),
(7, 'Clite', 'counter@example.com', '$2y$10$VbXiFtmifeLtqAsxLlGU/u4XJU7lVKoFiEi36cmV.SqLmcBXZTEH.', 'student', '2025-11-28 13:59:35', 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, '2025-11-28 13:59:35'),
(8, 'Desire', 'admin@karibaoutlet.co.zw', '$2y$10$COmM2KXo5WMn3G0LRo6yt.xyfTacbIbcglcrpwKkScGjaOCFTp/t6', 'student', '2025-11-28 14:31:37', 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, '2025-11-28 14:31:37'),
(9, 'mutalex123', 'sokakeh442@deapad.com', '$2y$10$16fAROGr1X0IgN6ve4x6FuDuX/mYYFabJ3B8wkFBEzcB2alQpx3e.', 'student', '2026-05-13 09:01:58', 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, '2026-05-13 09:01:58'),
(10, 'ARTWELL MATEKENYA', 'amatekenya@padenga.com', '$2y$10$z8/ASFpwK5g25Tf/R.qtPu958tI8wgfAc7Sh4gwzO.B9HmCTofig.', 'student', '2026-05-13 12:43:27', 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, '2026-05-13 12:43:27'),
(11, 'Artwell M', 'artwellmatekenya387@gmail.com', '$2y$10$oFJ.vV3lq9EglDNcQzOZ4uPagtQD0tmmtI3oqQ/FjPSCKdOGtYmqS', 'student', '2026-05-13 12:47:01', 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, '2026-05-13 12:47:01'),
(12, 'ELISHA', 'emandeya@padenga.com', '$2y$10$KFuOAL3l.QcSygQw9VWRRuouZlGCHHENjGyS788vH118iwWOtSQRW', 'student', '2026-05-13 12:53:32', 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, '2026-05-13 12:53:32'),
(13, 'elisham', 'elishamandeya@outlook.com', '$2y$10$C46FGwG4hjh4t2A4M0wv6OfH1NXFHPt1KaFQqfc1ejDNfGNQpp5wu', 'student', '2026-05-13 12:58:53', 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, '2026-05-13 12:58:53'),
(14, 'Linda Chandengenda', 'lchandengenda@padenga.com', '$2y$10$.Y2M4Om5gPXRWd.7uhnrxOWA.cfJJRx4fZu0lpUm33RHL1RJ9kTse', 'student', '2026-05-13 14:03:53', 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, '2026-05-13 14:03:53'),
(15, 'Terrie', 'tchinlee@padenga.com', '$2y$10$eNBMi0twh8C2PhdFEBVgdOZvm8KujZY3UvS0ynxI9wUVHU0Sv.kKi', 'student', '2026-05-13 14:18:12', 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, '2026-05-13 14:18:12'),
(16, 'TerrieL', 'tlees@padenga.com', '$2y$10$4nifcP1/uDX0iUxS8pxb1uRczdvac4EZyPF4RPD2J7RPh82PjAmHi', 'instructor', '2026-05-13 14:30:06', 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, '2026-05-13 14:34:46');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `user_achievements`
--

CREATE TABLE `user_achievements` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `achievement_type` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `description` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `icon` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `earned_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `user_achievements`
--

INSERT INTO `user_achievements` (`id`, `user_id`, `achievement_type`, `title`, `description`, `icon`, `earned_at`) VALUES
(1, 1, 'first_login', 'Welcome!', 'First time logging in', 'fas fa-star', '2025-11-25 11:53:24'),
(2, 1, 'profile_complete', 'Profile Master', 'Completed profile information', 'fas fa-user-check', '2025-11-25 11:53:24');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `user_activities`
--

CREATE TABLE `user_activities` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `action_type` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `action_description` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `ip_address` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL,
  `user_agent` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `metadata` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `user_activities`
--

INSERT INTO `user_activities` (`id`, `user_id`, `action_type`, `action_description`, `ip_address`, `user_agent`, `metadata`, `created_at`) VALUES
(1, 5, 'exam_deleted', 'Deleted exam: CIPS L3', '::1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/144.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', NULL, '2026-01-31 00:40:38');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `user_payment_methods`
--

CREATE TABLE `user_payment_methods` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `gateway_name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `payment_method_id` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `payment_type` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `last_four` varchar(4) DEFAULT NULL,
  `expiry_month` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `expiry_year` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `card_brand` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `billing_address` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `is_default` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `is_active` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `user_profiles`
--

CREATE TABLE `user_profiles` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `first_name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `last_name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `bio` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `avatar` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `phone` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `address` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `date_of_birth` date DEFAULT NULL,
  `gender` enum('male','female','other','prefer_not_to_say') DEFAULT NULL,
  `website` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `social_links` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `preferences` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `user_sessions`
--

CREATE TABLE `user_sessions` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `session_token` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `expires_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp(),
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `ip_address` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL,
  `user_agent` text DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `xapi_statements`
--

CREATE TABLE `xapi_statements` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `course_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `lesson_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `statement_id` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `actor` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin NOT NULL,
  `verb` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin NOT NULL,
  `object` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin NOT NULL,
  `result` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `context` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `timestamp` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `stored` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Indexes for dumped tables
--

--
-- Indexes for table `ai_analytics`
--
ALTER TABLE `ai_analytics`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_analytics` (`date`,`feature`),
  ADD KEY `idx_date` (`date`),
  ADD KEY `idx_feature` (`feature`),
  ADD KEY `idx_date_feature` (`date`,`feature`);

--
-- Indexes for table `ai_content_cache`
--
ALTER TABLE `ai_content_cache`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `cache_key` (`cache_key`),
  ADD KEY `idx_key` (`cache_key`),
  ADD KEY `idx_feature` (`feature`),
  ADD KEY `idx_expires` (`expires_at`),
  ADD KEY `idx_accessed` (`last_accessed`),
  ADD KEY `idx_input_hash` (`input_hash`);

--
-- Indexes for table `ai_feedback`
--
ALTER TABLE `ai_feedback`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_user` (`user_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_feature` (`feature`),
  ADD KEY `idx_rating` (`rating`),
  ADD KEY `idx_created_at` (`created_at`);

--
-- Indexes for table `ai_rate_limits`
--
ALTER TABLE `ai_rate_limits`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_limit` (`user_id`,`feature`,`window_start`,`window_type`),
  ADD KEY `idx_user_feature` (`user_id`,`feature`),
  ADD KEY `idx_window` (`window_start`,`window_type`);

--
-- Indexes for table `ai_settings`
--
ALTER TABLE `ai_settings`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `setting_key` (`setting_key`),
  ADD KEY `idx_key` (`setting_key`),
  ADD KEY `idx_system` (`is_system`);

--
-- Indexes for table `ai_usage_logs`
--
ALTER TABLE `ai_usage_logs`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_user_feature` (`user_id`,`feature`),
  ADD KEY `idx_feature_date` (`feature`,`created_at`),
  ADD KEY `idx_created_at` (`created_at`),
  ADD KEY `idx_cost` (`cost`);

--
-- Indexes for table `announcements`
--
ALTER TABLE `announcements`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD KEY `created_by` (`created_by`);

--
-- Indexes for table `assignment_submissions`
--
ALTER TABLE `assignment_submissions`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_submission` (`enrollment_id`,`lesson_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_enrollment` (`enrollment_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_lesson` (`lesson_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_status` (`status`);

--
-- Indexes for table `calendar_events`
--
ALTER TABLE `calendar_events`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_event_date` (`event_date`),
  ADD KEY `idx_creator` (`creator_id`);

--
-- Indexes for table `cart_items`
--
ALTER TABLE `cart_items`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_cart_item` (`user_id`,`item_type`,`item_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_cart_user_type` (`user_id`,`item_type`),
  ADD KEY `idx_cart_created` (`created_at`);

--
-- Indexes for table `categories`
--
ALTER TABLE `categories`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `name` (`name`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `slug` (`slug`);

--
-- Indexes for table `content_analytics`
--
ALTER TABLE `content_analytics`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_analytics` (`content_type`,`content_id`,`date`),
  ADD KEY `idx_content` (`content_type`,`content_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_course` (`course_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_date` (`date`);

--
-- Indexes for table `content_operations_log`
--
ALTER TABLE `content_operations_log`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_operation` (`operation_type`),
  ADD KEY `idx_course` (`course_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_user` (`user_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_status` (`status`);

--
-- Indexes for table `courses`
--
ALTER TABLE `courses`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `slug` (`slug`),
  ADD KEY `idx_instructor` (`instructor_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_category` (`category_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_status` (`status`),
  ADD KEY `idx_featured` (`is_featured`),
  ADD KEY `idx_slug` (`slug`);

--
-- Indexes for table `course_analytics`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_analytics`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_analytics` (`course_id`,`date`),
  ADD KEY `idx_course` (`course_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_date` (`date`),
  ADD KEY `idx_course_analytics_course_date` (`course_id`,`date`);

--
-- Indexes for table `course_categories`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_categories`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `slug` (`slug`),
  ADD KEY `idx_slug` (`slug`),
  ADD KEY `idx_parent` (`parent_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_active` (`is_active`);

--
-- Indexes for table `course_enrollments`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_enrollments`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_enrollment` (`course_id`,`student_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_student` (`student_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_status` (`status`),
  ADD KEY `idx_enrollment_date` (`enrollment_date`),
  ADD KEY `idx_course_enrollments_course_student` (`course_id`,`student_id`);

--
-- Indexes for table `course_lessons`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_lessons`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_lesson_slug` (`course_id`,`slug`),
  ADD KEY `idx_course` (`course_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_sort_order` (`sort_order`),
  ADD KEY `idx_type` (`lesson_type`),
  ADD KEY `idx_module` (`module_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_course_lessons_course_order` (`course_id`,`sort_order`),
  ADD KEY `idx_lessons_topic` (`topic_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_topic` (`topic_id`);

--
-- Indexes for table `course_lesson_progress`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_lesson_progress`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_progress` (`enrollment_id`,`lesson_id`),
  ADD KEY `lesson_id` (`lesson_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_enrollment` (`enrollment_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_status` (`status`);

--
-- Indexes for table `course_modules`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_modules`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_module_slug` (`course_id`,`slug`),
  ADD KEY `idx_course` (`course_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_sort_order` (`sort_order`),
  ADD KEY `idx_modules_course` (`course_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_modules_sort_order` (`sort_order`);

--
-- Indexes for table `course_resources`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_resources`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_resource_slug` (`course_id`,`slug`),
  ADD KEY `created_by` (`created_by`),
  ADD KEY `idx_course` (`course_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_module` (`module_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_lesson` (`lesson_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_type` (`resource_type`),
  ADD KEY `idx_category` (`category`),
  ADD KEY `idx_active` (`is_active`),
  ADD KEY `idx_shared` (`is_shared`);

--
-- Indexes for table `course_reviews`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_reviews`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_review` (`course_id`,`student_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_course` (`course_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_student` (`student_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_rating` (`rating`),
  ADD KEY `idx_status` (`status`),
  ADD KEY `idx_course_reviews_course_rating` (`course_id`,`rating`);

--
-- Indexes for table `course_topics`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_topics`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_topic_slug` (`module_id`,`slug`),
  ADD KEY `idx_topics_module` (`module_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_topics_sort_order` (`sort_order`);

--
-- Indexes for table `discount_codes`
--
ALTER TABLE `discount_codes`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `code` (`code`),
  ADD KEY `created_by` (`created_by`),
  ADD KEY `idx_code` (`code`),
  ADD KEY `idx_active` (`is_active`),
  ADD KEY `idx_valid_dates` (`valid_from`,`valid_until`),
  ADD KEY `idx_discount_codes_usage` (`usage_count`,`usage_limit`);

--
-- Indexes for table `exams`
--
ALTER TABLE `exams`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `slug` (`slug`),
  ADD KEY `idx_course` (`course_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_instructor` (`instructor_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_type` (`exam_type`),
  ADD KEY `idx_status` (`status`),
  ADD KEY `idx_template` (`is_template`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exams_course_instructor` (`course_id`,`instructor_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exams_price` (`price`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exams_free` (`is_free`);

--
-- Indexes for table `exam_access`
--
ALTER TABLE `exam_access`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_exam_student` (`exam_id`,`student_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exam_access_student` (`student_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exam_access_exam` (`exam_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exam_access_payment` (`payment_status`);

--
-- Indexes for table `exam_attempts`
--
ALTER TABLE `exam_attempts`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_attempt` (`exam_id`,`student_id`,`attempt_number`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exam` (`exam_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_student` (`student_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_status` (`status`),
  ADD KEY `idx_started_at` (`started_at`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exam_attempts_exam_student` (`exam_id`,`student_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_graded_at` (`graded_at`),
  ADD KEY `idx_graded_by` (`graded_by`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exam_attempts_exam` (`exam_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exam_attempts_student` (`student_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exam_attempts_status` (`status`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exam_attempts_started` (`started_at`);

--
-- Indexes for table `exam_questions`
--
ALTER TABLE `exam_questions`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_exam_question` (`exam_id`,`question_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exam` (`exam_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_question` (`question_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_sort_order` (`sort_order`),
  ADD KEY `idx_section` (`section_name`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exam_questions_exam_order` (`exam_id`,`sort_order`);

--
-- Indexes for table `exam_question_grades`
--
ALTER TABLE `exam_question_grades`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_attempt_question` (`attempt_id`,`question_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_attempt` (`attempt_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_question` (`question_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_graded_by` (`graded_by`);

--
-- Indexes for table `exam_reviews`
--
ALTER TABLE `exam_reviews`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_exam_review` (`exam_id`,`student_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exam` (`exam_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_student` (`student_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_rating` (`rating`),
  ADD KEY `idx_status` (`status`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exam_reviews_exam_rating` (`exam_id`,`rating`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exam_reviews_created` (`created_at`);

--
-- Indexes for table `lesson_resources`
--
ALTER TABLE `lesson_resources`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_lesson_resource` (`lesson_id`,`resource_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_lesson_resources_lesson` (`lesson_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_lesson_resources_resource` (`resource_id`);

--
-- Indexes for table `lesson_versions`
--
ALTER TABLE `lesson_versions`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_version` (`lesson_id`,`version_number`),
  ADD KEY `idx_lesson` (`lesson_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_published` (`is_published`),
  ADD KEY `idx_created_by` (`created_by`);

--
-- Indexes for table `payment_analytics`
--
ALTER TABLE `payment_analytics`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_analytics` (`date`,`gateway_name`,`currency`),
  ADD KEY `idx_date` (`date`),
  ADD KEY `idx_gateway` (`gateway_name`);

--
-- Indexes for table `payment_gateway_settings`
--
ALTER TABLE `payment_gateway_settings`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_gateway_type` (`gateway_name`,`gateway_type`),
  ADD KEY `idx_gateway_active` (`gateway_name`,`is_active`);

--
-- Indexes for table `payment_logs`
--
ALTER TABLE `payment_logs`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_transaction` (`transaction_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_user` (`user_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_action` (`action`),
  ADD KEY `idx_level` (`level`),
  ADD KEY `idx_created_at` (`created_at`),
  ADD KEY `idx_payment_logs_action_created` (`action`,`created_at`);

--
-- Indexes for table `payment_refunds`
--
ALTER TABLE `payment_refunds`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `reference_number` (`reference_number`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `refund_transaction_id` (`refund_transaction_id`),
  ADD KEY `processed_by` (`processed_by`),
  ADD KEY `idx_transaction` (`transaction_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_status` (`status`),
  ADD KEY `idx_processed_at` (`processed_at`),
  ADD KEY `idx_payment_refunds_reference` (`reference_number`);

--
-- Indexes for table `payment_transactions`
--
ALTER TABLE `payment_transactions`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `transaction_id` (`transaction_id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `reference_number` (`reference_number`),
  ADD KEY `discount_code` (`discount_code`),
  ADD KEY `idx_user` (`user_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_item` (`item_type`,`item_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_status` (`status`),
  ADD KEY `idx_gateway` (`gateway_name`,`gateway_type`),
  ADD KEY `idx_created_at` (`created_at`),
  ADD KEY `idx_payment_transactions_reference` (`reference_number`),
  ADD KEY `idx_payment_transactions_created_status` (`created_at`,`status`);

--
-- Indexes for table `posts`
--
ALTER TABLE `posts`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `slug` (`slug`),
  ADD KEY `category_id` (`category_id`),
  ADD KEY `author_id` (`author_id`);

--
-- Indexes for table `questions`
--
ALTER TABLE `questions`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_type` (`question_type`),
  ADD KEY `idx_difficulty` (`difficulty`),
  ADD KEY `idx_category` (`category_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_course` (`course_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_instructor` (`instructor_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_status` (`status`),
  ADD KEY `idx_review_status` (`review_status`),
  ADD KEY `idx_shared` (`is_shared`),
  ADD KEY `idx_questions_course_instructor` (`course_id`,`instructor_id`);

--
-- Indexes for table `question_analytics`
--
ALTER TABLE `question_analytics`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_analytics` (`question_id`,`exam_id`,`date`),
  ADD KEY `idx_question` (`question_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_exam` (`exam_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_course` (`course_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_date` (`date`),
  ADD KEY `idx_question_analytics_question_date` (`question_id`,`date`);

--
-- Indexes for table `question_categories`
--
ALTER TABLE `question_categories`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `slug` (`slug`),
  ADD KEY `idx_slug` (`slug`),
  ADD KEY `idx_parent` (`parent_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_active` (`is_active`);

--
-- Indexes for table `question_options`
--
ALTER TABLE `question_options`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_question` (`question_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_sort_order` (`sort_order`),
  ADD KEY `idx_correct` (`is_correct`);

--
-- Indexes for table `question_reviews`
--
ALTER TABLE `question_reviews`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_question` (`question_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_reviewer` (`reviewer_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_status` (`review_status`),
  ADD KEY `idx_reviewed_at` (`reviewed_at`);

--
-- Indexes for table `question_tags`
--
ALTER TABLE `question_tags`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `name` (`name`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `slug` (`slug`),
  ADD KEY `idx_slug` (`slug`);

--
-- Indexes for table `question_tag_assignments`
--
ALTER TABLE `question_tag_assignments`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`question_id`,`tag_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_question` (`question_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_tag` (`tag_id`);

--
-- Indexes for table `scorm_packages`
--
ALTER TABLE `scorm_packages`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD KEY `created_by` (`created_by`),
  ADD KEY `idx_course` (`course_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_lesson` (`lesson_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_active` (`is_active`);

--
-- Indexes for table `site_settings`
--
ALTER TABLE `site_settings`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `setting_key` (`setting_key`);

--
-- Indexes for table `users`
--
ALTER TABLE `users`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `username` (`username`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `email` (`email`);

--
-- Indexes for table `user_achievements`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_achievements`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_user_achievement` (`user_id`,`achievement_type`),
  ADD KEY `idx_user_achievements_user_type` (`user_id`,`achievement_type`);

--
-- Indexes for table `user_activities`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_activities`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_user_action` (`user_id`,`action_type`),
  ADD KEY `idx_created_at` (`created_at`),
  ADD KEY `idx_user_activities_user_action` (`user_id`,`action_type`,`created_at`);

--
-- Indexes for table `user_payment_methods`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_payment_methods`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_gateway_method` (`user_id`,`gateway_name`,`payment_method_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_user` (`user_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_default` (`user_id`,`is_default`);

--
-- Indexes for table `user_profiles`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_profiles`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `unique_user_profile` (`user_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_user_profiles_user_id` (`user_id`);

--
-- Indexes for table `xapi_statements`
--
ALTER TABLE `xapi_statements`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  ADD UNIQUE KEY `statement_id` (`statement_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_course` (`course_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_lesson` (`lesson_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_user` (`user_id`),
  ADD KEY `idx_timestamp` (`timestamp`);

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for dumped tables
--

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `ai_analytics`
--
ALTER TABLE `ai_analytics`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `ai_content_cache`
--
ALTER TABLE `ai_content_cache`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `ai_feedback`
--
ALTER TABLE `ai_feedback`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `ai_rate_limits`
--
ALTER TABLE `ai_rate_limits`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `ai_settings`
--
ALTER TABLE `ai_settings`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `ai_usage_logs`
--
ALTER TABLE `ai_usage_logs`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `announcements`
--
ALTER TABLE `announcements`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=6;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `assignment_submissions`
--
ALTER TABLE `assignment_submissions`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=2;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `calendar_events`
--
ALTER TABLE `calendar_events`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=3;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `cart_items`
--
ALTER TABLE `cart_items`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=59;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `categories`
--
ALTER TABLE `categories`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=13;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `content_analytics`
--
ALTER TABLE `content_analytics`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `content_operations_log`
--
ALTER TABLE `content_operations_log`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `courses`
--
ALTER TABLE `courses`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=21;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `course_analytics`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_analytics`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `course_categories`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_categories`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=14;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `course_enrollments`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_enrollments`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=27;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `course_lessons`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_lessons`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=163;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `course_lesson_progress`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_lesson_progress`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=424;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `course_modules`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_modules`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=94;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `course_resources`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_resources`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=2;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `course_reviews`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_reviews`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=2;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `course_topics`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_topics`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=89;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `discount_codes`
--
ALTER TABLE `discount_codes`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=4;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `exams`
--
ALTER TABLE `exams`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=12;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `exam_access`
--
ALTER TABLE `exam_access`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=8;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `exam_attempts`
--
ALTER TABLE `exam_attempts`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=12;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `exam_questions`
--
ALTER TABLE `exam_questions`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=96;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `exam_question_grades`
--
ALTER TABLE `exam_question_grades`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `exam_reviews`
--
ALTER TABLE `exam_reviews`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `lesson_resources`
--
ALTER TABLE `lesson_resources`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `lesson_versions`
--
ALTER TABLE `lesson_versions`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `payment_analytics`
--
ALTER TABLE `payment_analytics`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `payment_gateway_settings`
--
ALTER TABLE `payment_gateway_settings`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=5;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `payment_logs`
--
ALTER TABLE `payment_logs`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `payment_refunds`
--
ALTER TABLE `payment_refunds`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `payment_transactions`
--
ALTER TABLE `payment_transactions`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=4;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `posts`
--
ALTER TABLE `posts`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=23;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `questions`
--
ALTER TABLE `questions`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=41;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `question_analytics`
--
ALTER TABLE `question_analytics`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=18;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `question_categories`
--
ALTER TABLE `question_categories`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=10;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `question_options`
--
ALTER TABLE `question_options`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=56;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `question_reviews`
--
ALTER TABLE `question_reviews`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `question_tags`
--
ALTER TABLE `question_tags`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `scorm_packages`
--
ALTER TABLE `scorm_packages`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `site_settings`
--
ALTER TABLE `site_settings`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=25;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `users`
--
ALTER TABLE `users`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=17;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `user_achievements`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_achievements`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=3;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `user_activities`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_activities`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=2;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `user_payment_methods`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_payment_methods`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `user_profiles`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_profiles`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `xapi_statements`
--
ALTER TABLE `xapi_statements`
  MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- Constraints for dumped tables
--

--
-- Constraints for table `ai_feedback`
--
ALTER TABLE `ai_feedback`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `ai_feedback_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `ai_rate_limits`
--
ALTER TABLE `ai_rate_limits`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `ai_rate_limits_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `ai_usage_logs`
--
ALTER TABLE `ai_usage_logs`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `ai_usage_logs_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

--
-- Constraints for table `announcements`
--
ALTER TABLE `announcements`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `announcements_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`created_by`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

--
-- Constraints for table `assignment_submissions`
--
ALTER TABLE `assignment_submissions`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `assignment_submissions_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`enrollment_id`) REFERENCES `course_enrollments` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `assignment_submissions_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`lesson_id`) REFERENCES `course_lessons` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `calendar_events`
--
ALTER TABLE `calendar_events`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `calendar_events_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`creator_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

--
-- Constraints for table `cart_items`
--
ALTER TABLE `cart_items`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `cart_items_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `content_operations_log`
--
ALTER TABLE `content_operations_log`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `content_operations_log_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `courses` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `content_operations_log_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `courses`
--
ALTER TABLE `courses`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `courses_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`instructor_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `courses_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`category_id`) REFERENCES `course_categories` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

--
-- Constraints for table `course_analytics`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_analytics`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_analytics_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `courses` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `course_categories`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_categories`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_categories_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`parent_id`) REFERENCES `course_categories` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

--
-- Constraints for table `course_enrollments`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_enrollments`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_enrollments_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `courses` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_enrollments_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`student_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `course_lessons`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_lessons`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_lessons_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `courses` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_lessons_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`module_id`) REFERENCES `course_modules` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_lessons_ibfk_3` FOREIGN KEY (`topic_id`) REFERENCES `course_topics` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_lessons_ibfk_4` FOREIGN KEY (`module_id`) REFERENCES `course_modules` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_lessons_ibfk_5` FOREIGN KEY (`module_id`) REFERENCES `course_modules` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_lessons_ibfk_6` FOREIGN KEY (`module_id`) REFERENCES `course_modules` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_lessons_ibfk_7` FOREIGN KEY (`topic_id`) REFERENCES `course_topics` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_lessons_ibfk_8` FOREIGN KEY (`module_id`) REFERENCES `course_modules` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_lessons_ibfk_9` FOREIGN KEY (`topic_id`) REFERENCES `course_topics` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

--
-- Constraints for table `course_lesson_progress`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_lesson_progress`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_lesson_progress_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`enrollment_id`) REFERENCES `course_enrollments` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_lesson_progress_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`lesson_id`) REFERENCES `course_lessons` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `course_modules`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_modules`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_modules_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `courses` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `course_resources`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_resources`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_resources_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `courses` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_resources_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`module_id`) REFERENCES `course_modules` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_resources_ibfk_3` FOREIGN KEY (`lesson_id`) REFERENCES `course_lessons` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_resources_ibfk_4` FOREIGN KEY (`created_by`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `course_reviews`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_reviews`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_reviews_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `courses` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_reviews_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`student_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `course_topics`
--
ALTER TABLE `course_topics`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `course_topics_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`module_id`) REFERENCES `course_modules` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `discount_codes`
--
ALTER TABLE `discount_codes`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `discount_codes_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`created_by`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `exams`
--
ALTER TABLE `exams`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `exams_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `courses` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `exams_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`instructor_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `exam_access`
--
ALTER TABLE `exam_access`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `exam_access_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`exam_id`) REFERENCES `exams` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `exam_access_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`student_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `exam_attempts`
--
ALTER TABLE `exam_attempts`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `exam_attempts_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`exam_id`) REFERENCES `exams` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `exam_attempts_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`student_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `fk_exam_attempts_graded_by` FOREIGN KEY (`graded_by`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

--
-- Constraints for table `exam_questions`
--
ALTER TABLE `exam_questions`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `exam_questions_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`exam_id`) REFERENCES `exams` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `exam_questions_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`question_id`) REFERENCES `questions` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `exam_question_grades`
--
ALTER TABLE `exam_question_grades`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `exam_question_grades_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`attempt_id`) REFERENCES `exam_attempts` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `exam_question_grades_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`question_id`) REFERENCES `questions` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `exam_question_grades_ibfk_3` FOREIGN KEY (`graded_by`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

--
-- Constraints for table `exam_reviews`
--
ALTER TABLE `exam_reviews`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `exam_reviews_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`exam_id`) REFERENCES `exams` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `exam_reviews_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`student_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `lesson_resources`
--
ALTER TABLE `lesson_resources`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `lesson_resources_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`lesson_id`) REFERENCES `course_lessons` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `lesson_resources_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`resource_id`) REFERENCES `course_resources` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `lesson_versions`
--
ALTER TABLE `lesson_versions`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `lesson_versions_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`lesson_id`) REFERENCES `course_lessons` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `lesson_versions_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`created_by`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `payment_logs`
--
ALTER TABLE `payment_logs`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `payment_logs_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`transaction_id`) REFERENCES `payment_transactions` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `payment_logs_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

--
-- Constraints for table `payment_refunds`
--
ALTER TABLE `payment_refunds`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `payment_refunds_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`transaction_id`) REFERENCES `payment_transactions` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `payment_refunds_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`processed_by`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

--
-- Constraints for table `payment_transactions`
--
ALTER TABLE `payment_transactions`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `payment_transactions_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `payment_transactions_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`discount_code`) REFERENCES `discount_codes` (`code`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

--
-- Constraints for table `posts`
--
ALTER TABLE `posts`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `posts_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`category_id`) REFERENCES `categories` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `posts_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`author_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `questions`
--
ALTER TABLE `questions`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `questions_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`category_id`) REFERENCES `question_categories` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `questions_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `courses` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `questions_ibfk_3` FOREIGN KEY (`instructor_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `question_analytics`
--
ALTER TABLE `question_analytics`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `question_analytics_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`question_id`) REFERENCES `questions` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `question_analytics_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`exam_id`) REFERENCES `exams` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `question_analytics_ibfk_3` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `courses` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `question_categories`
--
ALTER TABLE `question_categories`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `question_categories_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`parent_id`) REFERENCES `question_categories` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

--
-- Constraints for table `question_options`
--
ALTER TABLE `question_options`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `question_options_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`question_id`) REFERENCES `questions` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `question_reviews`
--
ALTER TABLE `question_reviews`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `question_reviews_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`question_id`) REFERENCES `questions` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `question_reviews_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`reviewer_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `question_tag_assignments`
--
ALTER TABLE `question_tag_assignments`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `question_tag_assignments_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`question_id`) REFERENCES `questions` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `question_tag_assignments_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`tag_id`) REFERENCES `question_tags` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `scorm_packages`
--
ALTER TABLE `scorm_packages`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `scorm_packages_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `courses` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `scorm_packages_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`lesson_id`) REFERENCES `course_lessons` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `scorm_packages_ibfk_3` FOREIGN KEY (`created_by`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `user_achievements`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_achievements`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `user_achievements_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `user_activities`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_activities`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `user_activities_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `user_payment_methods`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_payment_methods`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `user_payment_methods_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `user_profiles`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_profiles`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `user_profiles_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `xapi_statements`
--
ALTER TABLE `xapi_statements`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `xapi_statements_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `courses` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `xapi_statements_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`lesson_id`) REFERENCES `course_lessons` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `xapi_statements_ibfk_3` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;
COMMIT;

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